Understanding the hydraulic losses at junction manholes can be very important when designing sewer infrastructure and assessing hydraulic grade lines in the system. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics modeling can help you estimate these losses and evaluate design alternatives. This FLOW-3D HYDRO example compares three design options for a junction manhole: 1) base model with no benching, 2) benching halfway up the pipe diameter, and 3) benching that goes above the pipe crown. For this particular flow rate and downstream water level, the half-pipe benching results in a head loss reduction of 28% while the taller benching case reduces the head loss by 33% when compared to the base case without benching. Learn more about FLOW-3D HYDRO by visiting www.flow3d.com/products/flow-...