How the U.S.'s Helicopter Tank Destroyers were Born

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Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
0:62 - Howze Board (1962)
1:37 - Tank Destroyer Comparison
2:28 - Maneuverist Mindset Shift
4:08 - TRICAP Experiment (1971)
4:27 - 6th Cavalry Brigade
4:57 - Air Cavalry Squadron (ACCB)
5:44 - Attack Helicopter Battalion (ACCB)
6:37 - Attack Helicopter Employment
7:35 - Recon & Security Missions
9:02 - Attack Helicopter Employment (cont'd)
Sources:
• FM 1-15 "Aviation Reference Data" (1977)
• FM 17-50 "Attack Helicopter Operations" (1977)
• FM 34-35 "Armored Cavalry Regiment and Separate Brigade Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations" (1990)
• U.S. Army Tactical Mobility Requirements Board Final Report (20 August 1962)
• 1967 Infantry Reference Data
• ST-1-100-1 "Reference Data for Army Aviation" (May 1973)
• ST 17-1-1 "Armor Reference Data, Volume II, Nondivisional Organizations" (1978-79)
• McGrath, J. "Fire for Effect: Field Artillery and Close Air Support in the US Army"
• Simmons, J. (1989) "The Attack Helicopter Battalion: Ready for the 60's or the 90's?"

Пікірлер: 125

  • @BattleOrder
    @BattleOrder11 ай бұрын

    Part 2 will be more focused on the specific employment of the Air Cavalry Combat Brigade in a corps fight, and a more detailed organizational history from the Howze Board to its beginnings under TRICAP in the early 1970s, the introduction of the Apache in the 80s and its deactivation in 2005. And don't take the comparison with Tank Destroyer Battalions *TOO* seriously. The platforms were obviously very different but I found the doctrinal parallels between the *UNIT* types to be interesting (i.e. being mobile anti-tank units with organic scout elements working for the corps or attached to a division). Kind of like how an AH-1 Cobra is obviously different from a BM-21 Grad, but certain Cobra units were used as "aerial rocket artillery" under the DIVARTY in some contexts.

  • @farrazaulia2917

    @farrazaulia2917

    11 ай бұрын

    Great video man

  • @TEAserOne

    @TEAserOne

    11 ай бұрын

    Yeah and Tank Destroyers were a doctrinal thing, not a type of vehicle.

  • @gabagool2055

    @gabagool2055

    11 ай бұрын

    What’s the relationship between the ACCB and the ACR?

  • @BattleOrder

    @BattleOrder

    11 ай бұрын

    @@gabagool2055 Both were corps-level cavalry formations. While the ACR was dedicated to reconnaissance and security and the ACCB was dedicated to destroying armor, the ACCB’s antitank capabilities and organic Air Cav Squadron also lent it to conducting a cover for the corps, which is a security mission that requires significant combat power. So that’s why I think the ACCB sort of merges capabilities of a tank destroyer unit and an ACR These sorts of comparisons are just vibes though

  • @patrickbec68

    @patrickbec68

    11 ай бұрын

    I’ll be interested to see how you handle the confusion of attack battalions (especially those assigned to the 6th ACCB) being reflagged in the mid-80s. Most books get it completely wrong! And cover how 6ACCB got the nickname “stay-behind brigade”! 😂

  • @hallowbread
    @hallowbread11 ай бұрын

    Crazy to think that all of these tactics and aerial cavalry teams employed by the US military were developed to the minute detail in just less than a century.

  • @kmriifps

    @kmriifps

    11 ай бұрын

    tbh with that budget anything less would be disappointing. What is really crazy is how wealthy the us is but how shit their social state is

  • @buckplug2423

    @buckplug2423

    11 ай бұрын

    There's your answer - 20% of the budget. Not to mention how a really big part of the GDP isn't taxed through tax havens or corruption.

  • @Laotzu.Goldbug

    @Laotzu.Goldbug

    11 ай бұрын

    ​​@@buckplug2423this is another one of those myths that has absolutely no relation to reality. the average US military expenditure is less than 3% of GDP a year (at some years during the height of the Cold War it broke 5%). it is not even the largest line item by far, Social Security and many other programs are many multiples larger

  • @buckplug2423

    @buckplug2423

    11 ай бұрын

    @@Laotzu.Goldbug I said budget, not GDP

  • @Laotzu.Goldbug

    @Laotzu.Goldbug

    11 ай бұрын

    @@buckplug2423 it is still not anywhere near 20% of the Federal budget either. it's closer to 11%

  • @taun856
    @taun85611 ай бұрын

    I served in the 55th Signal Troop of the 6th ACCB in the mid 1970's (just after the Brigade was formed). One cool feature of the Scout units was that they experimented with tying a motorcycle to each landing strut and dropping off motorcycle scouts behind the FEBA. I left the unit before the experiment ended so I don't know if it was considered successful or not, but the motorcycle scouts loved it.

  • @umbra6772

    @umbra6772

    11 ай бұрын

    Needs more likes

  • @eric97909

    @eric97909

    11 ай бұрын

    What a ballsy move

  • @recoil53

    @recoil53

    11 ай бұрын

    I wonder if this has been tried recently, or with ATVs.

  • @taun856

    @taun856

    11 ай бұрын

    @@recoil53 They probably use small drones for this now. Cheaper and safer.

  • @recoil53

    @recoil53

    11 ай бұрын

    @@taun856 They aren't getting rid of human scouts yet.

  • @jjfelldownawell
    @jjfelldownawell11 ай бұрын

    “ I bought a manual with my Patreon money” I love hearing people coming together for the sake of deadly knowledge 🎉

  • @Lowlandlord
    @Lowlandlord11 ай бұрын

    Interesting. The Chieftain has talked about Tank Destroyer doctrine alot, and pushed back against the idea that it was some sort of failure, merely that the TDs used in WW2 were too slow to match the doctrine's theory (although they were also very successful, just didn't work as theorised exactly). Anyways, he has mentioned a couple times that more recently that the TD doctrine with helicopters works really well, alot more speed and maneuverability to get to were the tank is to make it not anywhere anymore. Anyways, really cool! A collab would be cool if that ever works out!

  • @recoil53

    @recoil53

    11 ай бұрын

    It must be meaningful that every army got rid of tank destroyers.

  • @KTo288

    @KTo288

    11 ай бұрын

    ​just about every army still has tank destroyers, they just evolved. You can see this evolution in action with West Germany's Jaguar tank destroyers. Initially externally they wouldn't have looked out of place on a World War 2 battlefield, but they ended up having their guns removed, the mantley plated up and beong given a mounting for SS 10 ATGWs. Since then just about every army has some sort of vehicle mounting ATGWs to give infantry formations a mean of engaging tanks and other armour.

  • @TheChieftainsHatch

    @TheChieftainsHatch

    10 ай бұрын

    @@recoil53 That's not quite the angle I was going for. The US use of the term "Tank Destroyer" has historically been somewhat different to the commonly-used meaning of the term today. Even in WW2, when tank destroyers existed as a branch, the US Army distinguished between tank destroyer units and anti-tank units. Today people usually refer to tank destroyers meaning "anti-tank vehicles", a term used by the US. For example, "Stryker AT" is what many would consider a tank destroyer, though the AT obviously means "Anti-tank". Thus when I have said that the attack helicopter battalion was in effect the tank destroyer doctrine in modern application, that means specifically the manner of use for which the unit was intended, not that it's a light 'vehicle' with the ability to destroy tanks.

  • @K_Kara
    @K_Kara11 ай бұрын

    There's something just so appealing about Hueys and Cobras. What a cool period.

  • @secondlayer7898

    @secondlayer7898

    11 ай бұрын

    For the crayon eaters it never ended

  • @CB-vt3mx

    @CB-vt3mx

    11 ай бұрын

    I lived through those days and there was literally nothing cool about it. The limitations of both systems were frightening. Life was FAR better in the Apache/Blackhawk years.

  • @K_Kara

    @K_Kara

    11 ай бұрын

    @@CB-vt3mx No doubt Apaches and Blackhawks are superior. But given the relative infancy of helicopter operations back in those days and how Hueys and Cobras still tackled it, one can't help viewing it as something rather impressive.

  • @Ferr1963
    @Ferr196311 ай бұрын

    03:53 These manuals are not only useful for the missions but are also enjoyable and the concepts easy to understand thanks to all those drawings. It's almost like reading a comic book.

  • @BdogFinal14
    @BdogFinal1410 ай бұрын

    Outstanding video. I was fortunate enough to witness these Air Cav units in action, during REFORGER exercises during the 1980s. The skills of the US and German scout pilots was amazing to behold. The US flew the Kiowa, and the German flew the even better BO105. They would through the German countryside, often under 10 feet from the ground. But, the proliferation of shoulder fired anti-air missiles forced major changes in air mobile tactics. You may want to consider doing a video on that.

  • @thedysfunctionalbiographer3314
    @thedysfunctionalbiographer331411 ай бұрын

    To me, tanks and mech infantry are the equivalent of heavy cavalry and heavy/light infantry in ancient armies, mortars and artillery were like foot bound archers while attack and scout helicopters performed the role of light cavalry.

  • @Lowlandlord

    @Lowlandlord

    11 ай бұрын

    Hmm, well archers were never really used like mortars, more like rifles. That volley fire thing is pretty much a myth from movies. Archers picked a target and aimed for that target, didn't shoot in large groups into the sky, waste of arrows (which were a precious resource with a very finite supply). Ancient also refers to a specific period, antiquity, roughly 1500 years ago. Alotta what you are describing is more like medieval. But yes, aside from that nitpicking, I agree, lotta similarities, superficial and otherwise and it's all pretty cool.

  • @lukejohnston4666

    @lukejohnston4666

    10 ай бұрын

    @@Lowlandlord I learned something new today about how medieval archers are used. Thanks

  • @prestonchrisman7382
    @prestonchrisman738211 ай бұрын

    Loving these air cavalry episodes

  • @Fred-eg9sx
    @Fred-eg9sx10 ай бұрын

    Animation getting better and better

  • @andresmartinezramos7513
    @andresmartinezramos751311 ай бұрын

    Fantastic choice of music

  • @hiei5040
    @hiei504011 ай бұрын

    WOW , WHAT A COINCIDENCE!! this video dropped right whilst I was watching "Apache Warrior" on Prime , which is the 6th CAVALRY BRIGADE, on the opening day of IRAQ, 2003. Crazy. Highly recommend watching it

  • @epicsnake21
    @epicsnake2111 ай бұрын

    I have to say your videos are insanely cool and interesting. Thank you.

  • @marioacevedo5077
    @marioacevedo507711 ай бұрын

    Great video. In the early 80s, I was in one of the attack helicopter troops of the 6th ACCB. It was renamed the 6th CBAC, Cavalry Brigade (Air Combat), pronounced See-Back. We trained with A10s in Nevada against pretty sophisticated AAA threats and our NOE tactics were surprisingly effective. At the time we weren't as well equipped as the video suggests and in our squadron, most of our Cobras were the older S Modified. Our unit patch was a red & white shield with crossed sabers and known as the crossed backstabbers.

  • @kingalbby2497

    @kingalbby2497

    10 ай бұрын

    My father was 6th Cav. He was in the 34th support, A company. He was out in 82.

  • @1cavscout160
    @1cavscout16011 ай бұрын

    Great video! Desert Storm, 1/7 Cav, 1st Cav Div. AO in an OH-58C.

  • @umami0247
    @umami024710 ай бұрын

    Great video brings back memories!!

  • @chaosknight9131
    @chaosknight913111 ай бұрын

    Battle Order's Air Cav Arc is, honestly, just the best

  • @GenghisVern
    @GenghisVern11 ай бұрын

    awesome channel

  • @TheLiamster
    @TheLiamster10 ай бұрын

    It would be cool if the Howze Board report was actually implanted.

  • @polduran
    @polduran11 ай бұрын

    Medal of Honor song 🔥🔥🔥

  • @admiraltiberius1989
    @admiraltiberius198911 ай бұрын

    Always happy to see you upload sir. Btw Cheems is looking as distinguished as ever. His blues are always on point.

  • @lukejohnston4666

    @lukejohnston4666

    11 ай бұрын

    NAFO Expansion is non negotiable.

  • @christophercao7027

    @christophercao7027

    11 ай бұрын

    Kinda sad he passed away yesterday.

  • @kingsman3087

    @kingsman3087

    11 ай бұрын

    if the US invades any superpower nation, it's subsonic aircraft would fall like rain

  • @lukejohnston4666

    @lukejohnston4666

    11 ай бұрын

    @@christophercao7027 Yes. He shall live forever in our hearts!

  • @grayscal3692
    @grayscal369211 ай бұрын

    Idk if this is feasible or viable, but I would love an expansion into revolutionary, or foreign civil war forces. I’m sure most were intentionally irregular or at least elude historical record. But coup forces, insurgents, etc would be so cool to learn about through your format!

  • @bradleyjones1515
    @bradleyjones151511 ай бұрын

    I also like to collect army manuals so I appreciate the way this video opened

  • @ramal5708
    @ramal570810 ай бұрын

    Can you do a video on US attempt to relive their tanks and armored vehicles for the Korean War, how they scramble to reactivate the M4A3E8 Shermans in tank depots, M24 Chaffees and kind of small amount of M26 Pershing tanks available for deployment to Korea?

  • @pyeitme508
    @pyeitme50811 ай бұрын

    Awesome 😎, glad u used the Patreon money for this 😮

  • @RuminatingStoner
    @RuminatingStoner11 ай бұрын

    Well done.

  • @theromanorder
    @theromanorder11 ай бұрын

    Please do more a video on all carriers strike groups formations (exssmples) why there orgonized that way and some from all countries with them to understand the different dictrines

  • @kingalbby2497
    @kingalbby249710 ай бұрын

    My father was apart of 6th Cavalry, 34th Support, A company, as their Munitions Specialist.

  • @sanderstensrud7839
    @sanderstensrud783911 ай бұрын

    Yet another great video! I was wondering how the channel and your interest in the field came about?

  • 10 ай бұрын

    Nice Video

  • @paxundpeace9970
    @paxundpeace997011 ай бұрын

    It is shocking how effective tank destroyers and heavy infantry guns were in holding up and killing tanks if the paired up with just enough light jeeps or infantry

  • @bramantios5797
    @bramantios579711 ай бұрын

    what is song at introduction 0:45 please?

  • @BattleOrder

    @BattleOrder

    11 ай бұрын

    Medal of Honor Allied Assault main theme

  • @bramantios5797

    @bramantios5797

    11 ай бұрын

    Thank you@@BattleOrder

  • @BlindMonk93

    @BlindMonk93

    11 ай бұрын

    For that classic Battle Order feeling 😗🤌

  • @farrazaulia2917
    @farrazaulia291711 ай бұрын

    Cool video man

  • @mosesracal6758
    @mosesracal675810 ай бұрын

    I was wondering how well would a unit like this fare in a battlefield with no total air superiority. Not being able to hold ground really limits what a formation like this.

  • @BattleOrder

    @BattleOrder

    10 ай бұрын

    Artillery and fixed wing air can’t hold ground either, but they and attack helicopters can deny ground by fire. No one’s arguing helicopters can do it all

  • @gernblansten684

    @gernblansten684

    4 ай бұрын

    When Apaches came around, this mission would be done at night. The Soviet airforce wasnt going to come and hunt helicopters in nap of the earth at night.

  • @omarrp14
    @omarrp144 ай бұрын

    I can totally see another air assault brigade being useful if permanently stationed in Europe. Right now we have 173rd AB which can jump into the eastern border of nato, 2nd cav & 41st FAB will then convoy in behind them. An air assault brigade could fit in between working alongside the 12th CAB, being much faster then a train of strykers

  • @CemeteryJay
    @CemeteryJay10 ай бұрын

    If I’m not mistaken I believe all US Military Manual of arms are available for free online.

  • @BattleOrder

    @BattleOrder

    10 ай бұрын

    You are mistaken. Only current ones are all available online. Old ones rely on people taking the time and money (if its an institution) to scan and upload them so many are not online. In fact, some collectors made it a business im web 1.0 to sell their scans of old manuals and did not out them online for free

  • @CemeteryJay

    @CemeteryJay

    10 ай бұрын

    @@BattleOrder Ah I see, thank you for the clarification! Love your videos and look forward to the next!

  • @chiro5041
    @chiro504111 ай бұрын

    Medal of Honor theme, nice music choice.

  • @k53847
    @k5384711 ай бұрын

    The fundamental issue is that the deep strikes that the Army aviation community loves had limited real-world success, and some major real-world failures. The "Ambush at Najaf" raises the question as to whether this was a one-off or a systemic issue. Which is discussed in CGSC paper "US Army Attack Aviation in a Decisive Action Environment: History, Doctrine, and a Need for Doctrinal Refinement"

  • @JSFofWT

    @JSFofWT

    11 ай бұрын

    For the period that this doctrine was designed for the helicopters would have been fighting defensively against a big soviet push - so much less chance of a najaf style ambush.

  • @kristiankoebrich5053
    @kristiankoebrich505311 ай бұрын

    Great video. And a welcome Metal Gear Reference at 2:00. I will look out for cardboard boxes in the next few videos.

  • @cjthebeesknees
    @cjthebeesknees10 ай бұрын

    Enjoy how all variants have Native American origins for each crafts designation.

  • @johnpauljones4190
    @johnpauljones419011 ай бұрын

    Make a video abaout the hungarian army organization.

  • @MPKb19
    @MPKb1911 ай бұрын

    Comment for statistics

  • @luftwaffe4987
    @luftwaffe498711 ай бұрын

    anyone know the background music at 1:30?

  • @gianpaolovillani6321
    @gianpaolovillani632111 ай бұрын

    I can't find the FM 17-47 pdf file. Could you make one? Please

  • @BattleOrder

    @BattleOrder

    11 ай бұрын

    I may scan it and release it on my site when I get it

  • @gianpaolovillani6321

    @gianpaolovillani6321

    11 ай бұрын

    Ok. I thank you

  • @MannyManatee-ux9cp
    @MannyManatee-ux9cp11 ай бұрын

    Can you please make video on navy subs and mq9 reaper.

  • @leandrochavez6480
    @leandrochavez648011 ай бұрын

    Everyone thumbs up if the music brings you memories.

  • @daweedabest2085
    @daweedabest208511 ай бұрын

    Hear me out… Ariel mortars

  • @andrewsprout9281
    @andrewsprout928111 ай бұрын

    🥵 My kind of spicy content

  • @lostinpa-dadenduro7555
    @lostinpa-dadenduro755511 ай бұрын

    Why? Cause it’s awesome.

  • @elnegrito6124
    @elnegrito612411 ай бұрын

    So cobras (Marines) were scouts snd cav 😮🤯😲

  • @BattlesuitExcalibur

    @BattlesuitExcalibur

    11 ай бұрын

    No the Marines and Army both operated Cobras.

  • @alfrancisbuada2591
    @alfrancisbuada259111 ай бұрын

    Yeah this is a strange oxymoron

  • @smallcat848
    @smallcat84811 ай бұрын

    j ust f inishing watching a ll the videos i'd missed in the past few months like an hour ago lol

  • @echohunter4199
    @echohunter419911 ай бұрын

    I feel that I’m qualified to add to this discussion but I know there’s many others out there with my background. I’m a retired US Army 11H/11B (1983-2009) and I served in D co. 2/502 INF, 101st ABN. As a tank destroyer, we anticipate a massive push of enemy armor to penetrate as deep as they can before they’re attrited. I’m the ground level tank killer using the TOW system with a maximum range of 4,000 meters so when it’s time for me to fire on the enemy, it means they made it through a gauntlet of strikes and these are the lucky ones. We rely on stealth and maneuverability to efficiently kill and survive. A section of AH-64’s can quantify my effectiveness as well as provide me time to displace sideways or backwards to set up a new defense/fighting position. We prefer to call in an artillery strike on an attacking enemy with a mix of WP, HE and smoke rounds to keep the enemy confused while my thermal sights can see through the smoke (not so good with WP though) and can allow me to fire a couple missiles before I displace to a secondary firing position because if the enemy knows where I’m at, my chances of survival is lowered dramatically. For this reason we prefer to keep the vehicle in a hide position that’s about 100-150 meters behind the firing position then after a shot we move back to the hide position, reload and move to our secondary firing position. The 101st has an Air Cav squadron as well as an AH-64 squadron that can provide support when needed. We have to anticipate the enemy’s likely actions on contact and use key terrain to our advantage such as some type of bottleneck the enemy has to pass through that if I take out a couple of his tanks, it’ll clog that avenue which is like a Turkey dinner to an Air Force pilot or AH-64, they’ll rip everything to scrap in a heartbeat. Obviously, I’ll already have AT and AP mines set up along that bottleneck and any possible ways around it. Infantry scare tank crews to death so always play into those fears, this is why you won’t see enemy tanks driving through built up communities unless their Infantry is ahead of them. Always remember that it takes 4 enemy combatants to dislodge one defender, that’s when both are equally trained, supported and equipped. From what I’ve seen from the Ukrainian forces, they’re even worse than the Russian Girl Scouts. I’ve seen factual numbers on the conflict to date as well as numerous first person videos where Ukrainian Infantry conduct assaults and I’m shocked how dull they are, I guess they’re tired of living. Soviet bloc tanks are very easy to kill, just aim for the turret ring.

  • @Kataphract370
    @Kataphract37011 ай бұрын

    So you probably know about this already, but in case you don't; The Army makes a lot of its manuals available online for free if you don't mind PDF or EBook format. I think its just current manuals so it probably won't help with older stuff, but just about anything current you can find once you learn how it is all organized.

  • @BattleOrder

    @BattleOrder

    11 ай бұрын

    I know where to find the current pubs but older ones basically relies on someone, sometimes an archivist or a collector, scanning and uploading them so not all of them are online

  • @kingsman3087

    @kingsman3087

    11 ай бұрын

    if the US invades any superpower nation, US subsonic aircraft would fall like rain

  • @gotanon9659

    @gotanon9659

    11 ай бұрын

    ​@@kingsman3087keep coping lol

  • @UnderTrack_
    @UnderTrack_11 ай бұрын

    what does "HQ & HQ" mans ? like an HQ I get it, the HQ of other "subordinate" HQs, is fine too, but a doubled HQ ? what would be the point of such and difference from a regular HQ ?

  • @BattleOrder

    @BattleOrder

    11 ай бұрын

    There is the Battalion/Squadron HQ, which is like the Battalion Commander and their staff. The tactical control and planning for the battalion. The HQ Company is a separate entity that supports the Battalion HQ and will sometimes have some other stuff under it. A battalion-level mortar platoon or scout platoon for example will be administratively supported by the HQ Company, but tactically employed by the Battalion HQ.

  • @UnderTrack_

    @UnderTrack_

    11 ай бұрын

    @@BattleOrder That's an interesting differenciation to keep in mind, thanks for the explanation :D

  • @sharmoutha
    @sharmoutha10 ай бұрын

    Why do you say troop when the symbol you are using is squadron?

  • @BattleOrder

    @BattleOrder

    10 ай бұрын

    In America company-sized cavalry units are troops, not squadrons like in the UK and other places

  • @sharmoutha

    @sharmoutha

    10 ай бұрын

    @@BattleOrder thank you for the swift answer, it got me confused

  • @ASlickNamedPimpback
    @ASlickNamedPimpback11 ай бұрын

    I doubt you'll see this but I got a soviet FM-100-2-3 PDF off the internet, you could probably find similar stuff for free as i did

  • @Sshooter444
    @Sshooter44411 ай бұрын

    Seems like advanced MANPADs and autocannons have weakened this doctrine dramatically.

  • @noreenbroderick7668
    @noreenbroderick766811 ай бұрын

    Do a video on Irish army. Please!!!!

  • @bush_wookie_9606
    @bush_wookie_960611 ай бұрын

    Wait you can buy books on how to fight wars ? Good thing Russia doesn't know.

  • @Sshooter444

    @Sshooter444

    11 ай бұрын

    "The Book" only good up until the 1st shot of the next war.

  • @christopherhudspeth6823
    @christopherhudspeth682310 ай бұрын

    >i bought w manual Lol, they are free. You can DL them. Publicly available. Most FMs are. You just wanted to waste money

  • @BattleOrder

    @BattleOrder

    10 ай бұрын

    Manuals that are not current (and thus not available on Army Pubs) are only online if someone has put them online. Either a collector, an archivist, or now content creators with Patreons, like vickersmg.blog. There are many old manuals that are not available for free online because no one has bothered to scan and upload theirs. Some people in the 90s/early 2000s even had their little Web 1.0 business of selling photocopies of old manuals/TOEs and not posting them for free, and a lot of them are dying off/stopping that

  • @BosonCollider
    @BosonCollider11 ай бұрын

    The future is just filling V-22s or similar aircraft to the brim with switchblades. Especially when drone launched manpad missiles become a thing

  • @meeshii3
    @meeshii311 ай бұрын

    stinky