Hepatitis C - Symptoms, Causes, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications | Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis C which is a highly contagious liver disease that can be fatal. Left untreated, it can lead to liver cirrhosis, liver cancer and other serious liver damage. It is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and can lead to both acute and chronic liver disease. In this video, we will explore the symptoms, causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, potential complications associated with hepatitis C and prevention measures.
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis C Infection?
Many people with hepatitis C do not experience symptoms for years. When symptoms do occur, they can include:
• Fatigue
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Dark urine
• Abdominal pain
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Joint pain
• Clay-colored stools
• Itchy skin
What are the Causes of Hepatitis C?
HCV is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood. Common modes of transmission include:
• Injection Drug Use: Sharing needles and other drug paraphernalia can lead to the spread of HCV.
• Unsafe Medical Practices: Inadequately sterilized medical equipment, such as needles or syringes, can transmit the virus.
• Transfusions and Organ Transplants: Although rare, receiving infected blood products or organs can lead to HCV infection.
• Needlestick Injuries: Healthcare workers may be at risk if they accidentally prick themselves with a needle contaminated with HCV.
• High-Risk Sexual Behavior: While less common, sexual transmission of HCV can occur, particularly in the presence of other sexually transmitted infections.
What are the Types of Hepatitis C Infection?
Acute hepatitis C
This is a short-term infection following incubation period. Majority are asymptomatic meaning they do not show any symptoms. Symptoms of acute hepatitis last up to six months. After that, some people who have it will get rid of, or clear, the virus on their own
Chronic hepatitis
Chronic hepatitis C is a long-term infection lasting longer than 6 moths. Over the course of 20-30 years, 10-20% will develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
How is Hepatitis C Treated?
Hepatitis C can be treated effectively with antiviral medications. The most common classes of drugs used are direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). The choice of treatment depends on the specific HCV genotype, the extent of liver damage, and individual patient factors. Treatment aims to eliminate the virus and prevent further liver damage.
Here are some commonly used hepatitis C drugs:
• • Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi)
• Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir (Harvoni)
• Daclatasvir (Daklinza)
• Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir/Dasabuvir (Viekira Pak)
• Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir (Mavyret)
• Elbasvir/Grazoprevir (Zepatier)
• Ribavirin
Lifestyle Modifications: Avoiding alcohol and adopting a healthy lifestyle can support liver health.
What are the Complications of Hepatitis C?
• Cirrhosis: Prolonged HCV infection can lead to cirrhosis, scarring of the liver tissue.
• Liver Cancer: Cirrhosis increases the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer).
• Liver Failure: In severe cases, advanced liver disease can lead to liver failure, necessitating a transplant.
• Extrahepatic Manifestations: HCV can affect organs outside the liver, causing issues like kidney disease, vasculitis, and diabetes.
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