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The hard palate is the bony structure that intervenes between the nasal and oral cavities.
Its anterior two-third is formed by the palatine processes of the maxiallae, and the posterior one-third by the horizontal plates of the palatine bones.
On each side the palatine process of maxilla is continuous with the alveolar process of the maxilla.
The hard palate presents two sutures:
The median palatine suture between the bones of the two sides.
And a transverse palatine suture, between the maxillary and palatine parts.
Bony mounds of ridges called Palatal torus may develop on the midline along the Median suture.
The incisive fossa is present anteriorly in the midline , behind the incisors. Into this fossa opens the incisive canals, two for each side.
Sometimes the incisive suture is present between the incisive fossa and the interspace between the second incisive and canine teeth.
The greater palatine foramen lies behind the transverse palatine suture and medial to the last molar tooth. This foramen transmits the greater palatine nerve and the greater palatine artery and vein. The greater palatine artery reaches the incisive fossa and passes through an incisive canal on each side to enter the nasal cavity. The greater palatine nerve follows most of the course of the greater palatine artery and ends in the close proximity of the incisive fossa. At this level anastomoses with the nasopalatine nerve wich reaches the oral cavity after passes through an incisive canal.
The most posterior part of the horizontal lamina of the palatine bone is the pyramidal process of the palatine bone which is pierced by the lesser palatine foramina. These foramina provide passage to the lesser palatine arteries and nerves which after their emergence turn backward and downward to supply the soft palate.
Two significant bony features are also present is the posterior part of hard palate.
A conical projection in the median plane on the sharp free posterior border of the hard palate called the posterior nasal spine.
And a curved ridge near the posterior border of the hard palate called the palatine crest.