Fraser, thank you so much for mentioning my channel! How extremely kind of you! I’ve had some of your lovely subscribers already being very supportive in my comments section. Thanks again!

@frasercain

7 күн бұрын

That's great, keep going!

@marionrkerr

7 күн бұрын

@@frasercain I certainly shall!

@WACOLE

7 күн бұрын

@@marionrkerr - what's the channel name please Marion?

@MichaelStickley

7 күн бұрын

@@WACOLE You just need to click on her handle and it will take you to her channel

@pointingfamilyagility

7 күн бұрын

@@WACOLE Just click on Marion's handle in her comment!

I LOVE watching KZread videos like yours, mainly 'cause you don't allow the ads at the start of the clip! THX

@fatperson1152

8 күн бұрын

get an adblocker like ublock origin

@frasercain

8 күн бұрын

We don't have a lot of options. KZread is forcing ads into every nook and cranny. We've got the absolute bare minimum we can.

@cykkm

7 күн бұрын

@@fatperson1152 “get an adblocker” - only don't forget then to support your favourite channels through Patreon or YT membership!

@HebaruSan

7 күн бұрын

I'm stuck on "mainly". Fraser is doing a lot more that's worth appreciating! Is this maybe some kind of bot comment trying to influence how uploaders configure their ads?

As for a galaxy sterilizer, one thing that would be very effective for that would be a tight globular cluster colliding directly with a large supermassive black hole. Note that it would take 50,000 years to irradiate the rest of galaxy, but it would do the job.

@frasercain

8 күн бұрын

Hmm, are you some kind of supervillian?

@leonmusk1040

8 күн бұрын

​@@frasercain Don't worry it'd take a thousand starships just to colonise and support a near earth and luna orbital space we're not starlifting for at least a thousand years unless A.I goes general and we goe dodo.

@JayCross

8 күн бұрын

@@frasercain Not professionally.

@teppec

8 күн бұрын

@@JayCross Everyone needs a hobby

@FleshWizard69420

7 күн бұрын

​@@frasercainhe's definitely planning something... 😂

Fraser “Lagrange” Cain. Thanks man!

Belos! Thank you so much for your answer about how people who don't have the time or money to do a "proper" science course can teach themselves. As someone who loves science but has zero plans of becoming a scientist, you've inspired me to look into ways to deepen my knowledge.

@NovaDeb

7 күн бұрын

Agree

@jemborg

5 күн бұрын

As long as you don't plan on revolutionising science then you'll be good. 😁👍

As for potential natural galaxy killers, I was under the impression that quasars can radiate so much energy that they can strip a galaxy of star forming gas and sterilize existing star systems?

@cykkm

7 күн бұрын

AGN certainly disrupt star formation, but if you're already living on a planet already circling one... I'm not sure. Proper quasars are very compact and seen mostly in the early Universe, where available gas was up for grabs in huge lumps. In the mature Universe, quasars occur chiefly in galactic mergers. I have no idea if the quasar's light would extinguish life in plane with its disc, as its flux density in this direction is the least, the disk models predict that they're thin, and galactic centres are full of dust scattering at least direct radiation. But I'm thinking of events like the NeVe-1 supereruption, lasting tens or hundreds of millions of years (it is thought that the AGN SMBH consumed a whole dwarf galaxy, many millions of Sun's mass worth of stars and other matter). When a tremendous amount of axially ejected mater hits interstellar gas far above and below the galactic plane, these lobes can emit a lot of X-rays and other ionising radiation, blasting the whole galactic disc. Or, look at it the other way: you're living on a planet circling a star in a little galaxy that suddenly meets a huge hungry NeVe-1 AGN...

@Roguescienceguy

7 күн бұрын

Insert yo' mamma joke here

@FleshWizard69420

7 күн бұрын

That's one hell of a blowtorch...

@ericsmith6394

7 күн бұрын

Have a quasar in a nearby galaxy shining directly at your galaxy which is edge-on to the quasar galaxy. Basically arrange a quasar to shine near the center of your home galaxy, but through the whole disc edge on. The orbit of all the stars would take them through the beam in 200 million years, but you could shorten this by having either galaxy move to rake the beam across.

@Roguescienceguy

7 күн бұрын

Even something as benine as two large galaxies mergin probably is a big problem for life within said galaxies. Especially when you consider all the gravitational interactions between all these stars going in opposite directions. Heck, we are beyond lucky to not having had an interaction of any significance in the time that life has been around on our planet. We been basically traveling through a void for the last two billion years. We had a near miss with a brown dwarf some 150.000 years ago and that one might still cause problems due to it traveling through our outer Oort cloud and nudging some large Oort objects in our direction. They should be nearing the inner solar system about now😅.

"either one is weird" - Fraser

Many Universities have open Learning programs for free. If you end up wanting that Undergraduate you pay for it. You can even enroll in Uni's outside of your country. I've done a few this way either partially or fully completed.

YES!!! Stargate planet names next year ;D good to hear. Great episode.

@timpointing

7 күн бұрын

But how can you decide - P5C-768 or M3E-265

Interesting idea - using Stargate planet names for the chapter/question titles. I can't wait to vote for P8X-873 or M4C-862!

From the Philippines Frasier, we love you keep up the beautiful videos you send out you are an inspiration

Fraser saying Agentdarkboote made me chuckle

On the rogue gravitational waves, you showed the perfect clip to explain them. Two ships in calm water with relative small wakes and clearly visible lines with bigger wakes. It's how waves behave, they interfere when they meet. So any gravitational wave meeting an other gravitational wave will interfere, or create a rogue wave. Just like the ships. There are some differences of coarse. The ships continue to create waves, so continues to create interference. A gravitational wave happens only once, so the interference just happens on the line where they meet, which is the space time curve where they meet, which goes on to infinity. So the interference two meeting gravitational waves cause, will create a "rogue wave" moving along that space time curve for eternity.

Belos! Although I might be biased since I asked the question, but thank you so much for your answer! I went to university over a decade ago for a completely unrelated area, and now I'm working in a closely related field to what I studied, but I really considered studying astronomy or something related back in the day, and now I sometimes kick myself in the butt because I love learning about it. I love my current job, but there are just so many crazy big discoveries in astronomy all the time to learn about! Thanks for all you do, Fraser!

Universe today is great! Thank you, again !

30:08 I think it's more accurate to say that planets twinkle a little less than stars. I've noticed that proximity to the horizon has a bigger effect on twinkleyness than whether it's a star or a planet.

Great questions and great answers

Yeah. I couldn't stand The Colour of Magic. But everyone who knows me was shocked I didn't love Terry Pratchett, so I looked for recommendations and started with Mort. From there, I read some of the Death cycle, then went back and read (actually listened to) the whole pile, and it was well worth it.

@rhoddryice5412

7 күн бұрын

Wyrd Sisters or Mort are good starting points.

Regarding the galaxy destruction question (Vulcan); how about the galaxy wandering thru the beam of a nearby much bigger quasar? Also aren't some active galactic nucleus emitting so much radiation they are expected to sterilize their own galaxy?

Hyped for the stargate planet names.

I'm right now rewatching Stargate SG1 series 😄

[Janus] Two-faces of meaning of life * Non-sentient: To maximize life * Sentient: To maximize happiness

100% would like Stargate planet names, when they run out the onto BSG planet names 👍😁

Earth's crust becomes incredibly hot just few kilometres underground. Does this mean that a slightly bigger planet would have hot surface just by its own mass? And in that case would it be possible to have rogue planets with liquid water just by their mass, even without a star?

re. "WHAT IS THE MEANING OF LIFE" Best answer, is of Kilgore Trout, written in reply on a bathroom stall. "To be the eyes and ears and conscience of the universe"

Feels so good to just go and listen to the patreon extended part 😂😂

Risa- excellent update thank you 🙏

A side note. Some Solar/Wind/battery advocates suggest a type of hydro battery. Use high solar output or high wind periods to have an excess and pump water up river so dams can generate power with that extra water later. In many if not Most areas; there are no dams to make this happen because the terrain is flat. The entire State of Kansas has 1 dam; only capable of powering 1,800 homes. The closest big dams are 1200 miles away. You'd lose half any excess energy produced by solar or wind sending the power to the dam; and lose the other half when the dam trys to send back power; so you end up with 1/4th the - "excess"

8:00 Fraser came up with some good ones, and he's right that few realistic natural phenomena can accomplish your goal. With two exceptions: 1. Lack of star formation in an old galaxy can present a galaxy-wide challenge to all life crowding around still-burning stars which grow ever fewer in number. 2. An unusual galaxy collision could result in an active galactic nucleus i.e. quasar with jets that pass through the disk. This could sterilize worlds that into the jet.

@frasercain

7 күн бұрын

I was thinking about it more, yeah, a quasar jet to quench star formation.

Binary stars: 🎶Where, oh where, are you tonight? Why did you leave me here all alone? I searched the world over and thought I found true love. You met another, and PTTFCH! you were gone.🎶

Janus it is! Thank you for for great work! 🙂

Belos Awesome answer! A fairly basic question that I am sure many people think of but don't ask. But what a perfect answer! That it takes the questioner to ask themselves about what they really want it for. Waving someone away from a traditional University for careers that don't really need it. Good on you! Heck some things really will need it but it's knowing that only the really specialized and technical things that will! Kudos!

Janus, Great answer Fraiser :) Though, I tried my hand at calculating the size of the whole universe, but of course I fail spectacularly lol On measuring the size of the universe (and my main issue doing so is that I forgot about the inflationary period where the hubble constant "exploded" for the 1/1000000th of a second or whatever it took). BUT if we had that data its as simple as plugging it into this : we can ESTIMATE the size of the universe, using the Hubble constant and the age of the universe: Convert the Hubble constant to km/s/km: 1 Mpc is approx 3.09 × 10^19 km, so 70 (km/s)/Mpc is approx 2.268x10^-18 km/s/km. Multiply the Hubble constant (in km/s/km) by the age of the universe (in seconds): The age of the universe is approx 13.8 billion years. To convert this to seconds, we multiply by the number of seconds in a year (approx 3.154 × 10^7 seconds/year), which gives us about 4.35 × 10^17 seconds. Multiply the results from steps 1 and 2: 2.268x10^-18 km/s/km * 4.35 × 10^17 seconds = 9.866 x 10^8 km, or about 987 million kilometers. This is still a very simplified calculation though, and the actual size of the universe is likely much larger; due to factors such as the inflationary period of the early universe, and the fact that the expansion rate isn’t constant but is accelerating as far as we can tell. This calculation also assumes a flat, homogeneous, and isotropic universe, which may not be accurate. For a more accurate estimation, more complex cosmological models and calculations would be needed. I'm still trying to figure out how to estimate the inflationary period.... lol How'd I do, I miss anything?

Great video as always! I’m curious, how sure are we that the universe expands at the same rate throughout the universe? Could there be some amount of variation?

Larry Niven's Known Space stories hypothesized that the large stars in the core of our galaxy (spiral or barred spiral, depending on who you ask) were packed close enough together that a chain reaction of supernovae could literally cause the core to explode and wipe out the rest of the galaxy in the process over a 50,000 year period. Earth and the rest of Known Space would be destroyed about halfway through this process. I always found that an interesting idea, though it seems everything merging into a giant black hole might be more likely. The stories most relevant to this are in the book "Neutron Star"....

8:00 In Larry Nevin's Known Space a chain reaction in the center of the Milky Way had started a wave of destruction that would reach Earth in 20000 years.

It took Pratchett a few books until he became really good. Imho it started with the character Rincewind. His novels get epic, when DEATH becomes the main character of a book, or Samuel Vimes.

Actually two body systems tend to word. It's when you add a third (or more) body that the system always fly apart. Radically. The third body paradox is real and scary.

jupiter could be other binary star to our sun. it balances it out, and jupter almost big enough to be a small star

@vibehighest

6 күн бұрын

it doesnt sounds ,iek it would make sense if yhou compare the mass of density of sun clmpared to theh rest of our solar system, but oterhwise we a singleton

I did earn a Bachelor of Science in Comp Sci from the University of California in '77. It was required for a career in aerospace. There is more to the field than programming and playing video games.

Could you explain more on the lower vacuum state??

I think there was a story , about a year ago, where the 'beam' from a quasar, changed direction, to point right at us. (very, very distant.); what if, instead of an AGN, spewing its destruction away from its own galaxy, it flipped 90 degrees and kept sweeping its galactic plane, with all that energy?

Q: What is your policy for correcting errors, such as the one at 19:34 in the Coldest Place in the Universe vid where you claim magnetic forces decline faster than gravitational forces?

QUESTION: Why do they think the "missing matter" is anti-matter and not just an abundance of spread out dust/gas etc???? There is SOOO much space that if dust was just spread out it would be invisible and would easily be able to make up the mass for gravity to work as it does in galaxy's...

I don´t usually see the Star Trek planet name until you mention it. I would personally change it to your left shoulder, but on your shirt. Don´t forget we are all half hypnotised when you speak.

Cheleb: Fantasic to think how different but viable a Tidal locked planet in a habitable zone might be like.

Heck yeah! I knew there was a reason why I always join the live chats when I can a gentleman, a scholar and a fellow Trekkie. Slightly in the future, in the local quadrant of our home galaxy......😂

What is JWST's research schedule like? Who decides what and when and where it should look? Is it whomever has the biggest pocket book?

Star Gate planet names . P4X 259, it just rolls right off the tongue and easy to remember.

Nimbus Best Question Nimbus Best Answer W Fraser Cain Thank you

Do you think that in my life time (hopefully 30-50 years) it will be possible to go on a cruise style tour of the solar system? I've always loved the idea of seeing Jupiter up close with my own eyes

If they discover that we do indeed live in a closed universe, even if it is a billion times the size of our observable universe, it's going to set off my claustrophobia.

@michaeljames5936

7 күн бұрын

...and hay fever no bloody doubt.

For Vulcan, I have heard the idea of an active galactic nuclei sterilizing an entire galaxy. Those are usually the sources of gamma ray bursts and go something like gobs of matter falls into Sagittarius A (our central black hole) and causes it to go quasar. The resulting radiation would then wipe everything in the galaxy capable of forming life, and possibly even cause most electrically based hardware to malfunction unless they found a way to harden it more than our current hardware can be hardened.

@Fraser Cain (or anyone who knows) I didn' t know either there was a minimum mass ratio of 1/25 between 2 orbiting bodies to get the Lagrange points. Thank you :) And it brings me a question: Have we lagrange points between earth and a orbiting spacecraft (let's say the ISS for example) or is there a minimum mass ratio required?

Question/ random thought about vacuum energy and the Heat Death of the Universe (TM). So if assume vacuum energy is real and that you have particles popping in and out of spacetime as we know it. And Attempts to look at protons and such with electron microscopes and how a proton can contain more mass of quarks and all that, than the proton itself in these virtual particles that are basically the same concept as vacuum energy. Maybe there won't be a heat death of the universe if new energy is coming into existence to fill the void of matter falling apart due to entropy over eons.

Regarding the scientific method and culture; I had a job, where I was summarizing depositions of witnesses (this is something done pre-trial to see what the witnesses have to say). Some were from rural Haitian communities, and they very much had a different mindset about things. They were unable to separate a conclusion from an observation. Both were absolute facts in their minds, and lawyers from both sides of the case were not able to get the witness to separate the two. Note that both seemed to have a good command of English, so language was not a barrier. Needless to say, this means the witness is not of much use in the U.S. court system, where conclusions and observations have to be separated. I imagine they would also have difficulty with the scientific method. Another observation was that these individuals could end up sounding like they are saying yes and no to the same fact, with only a sentence or two separating the two statements. I've seen lawyers from both sides question a single such witness. The lawyers didn't seem to be trying to trip them up, but both were struggling to get a consistent answer, and failing. This is perhaps related to my observation in my 1st paragraph, though I don't know how.

How about star - anti-star collisions, or star - strange star collisions for galactic level disasters in a sci-fi story?

After stargate names: I request names from the guide to the galaxy!

I love Lagrange point questions as much as the next person but can we have other questions being answered please?

What if the temperature on the dark side of a tidally-locked planet gets so cold that the atmosphere condenses to a solid? If for any reason there were a pause in the winds circulating between the light and dark sides, could that freeze-out happen, taking the entire atmosphere with it? Would seem pretty perilous.

Please remember planets in Ursula L Le Guin´s books!

If the wavelengths of gravitational waves are so huge that they don't affect us normally, could they be a problem at relativistic velocities because distance would condense and make the waves sharper?

Don't worry, The writing gets better. My favorites are near the end.

Could super massive blackholes at the centre of colliding galaxies cause a catastrophic event? What effect eoukd that have on the stars around them?

Vote: BELOS. Science in general, astronomy/astrophysics and Fraser's Q&A sessions exist only because there have been people like SariDori78 who just had to know how the heavens worked!

Always pondered if (would have made a good sci-fi movie idea) that earth had an equal twin that was directly opposite us and we never saw the other earth-like planet due to the sun being in the way..

Observable universe, I wonder if any the observable universe repeats itself, or like we can see the same galaxy twice but simply due to the distance we don't know it's repeating because one galaxy looks a billion years younger than the other.

didn't they used to say HD 162826 was a solar sibling? You have to wonder if it has been continuously visible in our night sky for the whole time the earth has existed.

Lyar, has it been shown that gravity waves can interfere with each other in the same way that light and sound can constructively or destructively interfere?

#andoria perhaps planet x is a binary dark star, they say you can't see a black hole until it eats, but gravity remains in effect...

A galactic catastrophe could be something like a runaway chain reaction to dark matter. Imagine something like a lit match to gasoline. If a sentient species found a way to harm dark matter, that would basically blow up a galaxy and send stars shooting omnidirectional.

Hi Fraser! Are there any stars that are without a parent galaxy that we've observed thus far?

Question. What would it be like if you have a quantum entangled radio on board a spaceship that you launcher at speed close to the speed of light?

What are the ways we can determine if a star has previously consumed another? Did our sun ever merge with other stars?

Is there a way to artifically rotate a tidally locked planet to increase habitibility?

Hello Fraser, what is the number of galaxies that include our galaxy, the form of what is called Larnacia ?

How far apart are binary stars? Is there a typical distance between them?

7:00 7:00 Frasier speaking about Von Neumann probes is heavily discussed in the book series 'We Are Bob,' written by Dennis Ed. Taylor, where the Bobs encounter a species of galactic killers that go from star system to star system and consume all the organic matter in each solar system, whilst the Bobs trying to clone themselves widely enough to combat them. It's a brilliant series and I have already pre-ordered the 4th book in the series, which was not supposed to be written! Perhaps they are wanting to coast off their popularity, perhaps like the 'Expeditionary Force' novels.

@frasercain

8 күн бұрын

That's a great series. I've got an interview with Dennis somewhere on the channel.

Cait is underappreciated.

Is it possible that gravity will ever beat out the expansion of the universe and cause it to collapse back into a point?

@scottwooledge6387

8 күн бұрын

That is one of the theories about how the universe will end. Dark energy will dissipate and gravity will reverse the expansion. Eventually crunching everything into a singularity again. For another big bang??? I like this theory. I think it’s elegant and fits with the cyclic nature of the circle of life. It is not the leading theory. I think most astronomers believe in the big rip or big chill; respectively: all matter gets torn to shreds at atomic level by expansion, or all stars and energy burn out to absolute zero, total heat death.

@leonmusk1040

8 күн бұрын

No heat death is inevitable

Hey from down under Fraser. NASA has been engaged to setup a new time system for space. Will this be a different time system for the Moon, Mars and the ISS?

Excess is also a temporary thing - if solar/wind/ battery people keep pushing their ideas and build more. There won't be any excess of solar or wind in the future. Right now EVs are a tiny part of the 1.4 billion light vehicles and 200 million heavy vehicles. Should you move 1.4 billion vehicles to the electrical grid - even if you were to massively upgrage the grid - there will not be near the solar and wind needed to power all these vehicles let alone industry, residences, other transport etc. Even if you multiplied solar production output by 100x you couldn't achieve the required power in 20 years. Add to that solar installs have dropped to 10% grown and declining.

SG1 !!!! :) this will happen!!!

@EinsteinsHair

7 күн бұрын

He said Stargate, not specifying SG-1, maybe he includes Atlantis, Universe, and Infinity. A lot of planets have names like P3S-517, or "the Genii homeworld." I nominate Asuras. Jonas Quinn is from Langara. It would be confusing to have more than one similar name, but P3X-666 is where Dr. Janet Fraiser died. The Alpha Site? Abydos is an obvious choice, not too similar to Asuras, is it?

@annoyed707

7 күн бұрын

And later... Babylon 5 planets?

I think expectations are so high on AI for solving all the questions we have about a million things, also astrophysics phenomena and medical evolution. I think hype isn't the right word, more hope to get answers about a very broad sort of subjects. And because AI is still in the early stages it makes maybe people are not satisfied, yet. In my country there are scientific experiments to trace cancer cells early on, because of AI, the correct rate is at 80% which is mind-blowing for me. Only with blood samples. I think in the next decade, AI will be just another tool, like back then a calculator was. I use it a lot for electronics and development, sometimes you forget things that you had in school, and AI is there to bring me back on track. It also can create great schematics, and sometimes better than I made in the past. So it's very powerful.

Isn't the Webb telescope at the L2 Lagrange point? What determines the"angle" from radial are the leading and trailing points? Drawings always seem to show these two points falling at 30 degrees angles. Is that depiction accurate?

Cheleb does it have to be liquid water on a surface? Could it be a situation where rain falls down and evaporates on the way down and comes back up and recondenses etc? Also, algae and microbes could live in water clouds.

Janus because the answer was very good. Kind of thing I'd tell to my son if he'd ask me the same question

How common are binary planets orbiting a star? Do they need to be distant like Pluto and Charon?

Fraser , how can a universe that extends in every direction , up, down, left and right etc as far as we can see have 'curvature'?

@richardloewen7177

5 күн бұрын

It is HYPOTHESIZED that curvature (proven for star light bending around the sun) might completely bend back on itself, IF our 3D universe is a 'skin' wrapped a 4D hypersphere. There is no direct proof of this yet. And a lot of data gathered in the last century doesn't give encouragement. (But maybe next year or next century, such data will start emerging...) Why contemplate this? Because it is possible. Why do many astronomers talk as if this is proven? (I agree. This annoys me too.) Many astronomer--going back before Hubble--want this to turn out to be reality, allowing a universe with no outer edge and no center. (In our 2D-surface wrapped around our 3D globe, where is the center of that skin?) As near as I can discern, those astronomers aren't motivated primarily from hard-science facts. Instead, the motivation is their worldview-metaphysics aesthetic. They want no special place.Hubble went so far as to talk about "the horror of a privileged position".

How does an astronomers give directions? Lagrange points.

Oh....rite, so that was why the Fermi paradox video was so befuddled. I was missing the references to the main influencing factors; relativity through perspective, permutation through statistical accuracy, and the validity of the definition of the factors themselves... Rather than some wishy-washy "blank", based on projected assumptions, that had already been brought into question by it's contemporaries, and have continued in the same.

Can we queue up Babylon 5 planet names?

Belos Is energy conserved on cosmological scales? An expanding universe redshifts light in all directions, E=hf, what's happened to the lost energy?

@frasercain Question! since next to redshifting we can also observe blueshifting - wtf happens to blueshifted gamma photons?

@AkaRyrye83

8 күн бұрын

I'm no physicist, but I bet you would just see slightly higher energy gamma radiation? After all, gamma radiation is just light that has an arbitrary range of wavelengths, and there is no reason it couldn't be shifted to a higher one even at the edge of our definition.

@mdski95

8 күн бұрын

@@AkaRyrye83 Thanks! That's understandable. What I mean, with maybe a bit unfortunate mental shortcut, is strictly photons that are say just at the very edge of our definition

I have to ask. Have you done something to make the Star Trek planet names appear on desktop, or have my eyes finally tuned into them after a year of watching your videos and not seeing them?

Quasars in your galaxy or nearby, may supermassive black merger in your galaxy or near by?

It is kinda hard to explain why there are no more galaxies being formed and the star bursts have stopped. The way the astros portray it. 4 billion years is nothing. We’d be teens right now by the way they explain it. 13.5 is scoffed at too. Something doesn’t add up.

Cheleb - If Earth were tidally locked to a red dwarf would the Snowball Earth events have occurred more or less often?

Andoria

Follow up to the degree question. Any recommendations if a masters degree is a check box I have to fulfill to progress my current career? (It's literally just a checkbox my employer wants filled for promotion, they don't care in what subject, from where, or how relevant it is to my work). I'd like an astronomy degree because it's what I'm interested in, and I feel I've got a good enough background for it. (comp sci undergrad, plus all the knowledge for your channel and others). But it doesn't seem to be a very popular option for online degrees I can do in my own time while working full time.