I would also like to add Tattooing into awesome video, we Samoans have traditional tattoos that the woman get that are actually hand compasses. This is used to measure angles and determine the position of celestial bodies in relation to their position. By aligning a reference point, such as a star, with the thumb or another part of the hand, they were able to estimate the angle between the horizon and the celestial body. This angle, combined with knowledge of the time of day or night helped determine their approximate position and direction.

The Polynesians probably collected and amassed the largest repertoire of navigational techniques of any culture.

It's extremely impressive how the ancient Polynesians managed to find and colonize Hawai'i twice. I told one that after a few days of not seeing any land, I would have headed back. The ancient maritime powers of the Mediterranean were rarely more than a day from any kind of land. Watching this video has only increased my admiration of the Polynesian navigators.

@nmarbletoe8210

10 ай бұрын

The Tahitians knew there was land to the north by watching migratory land birds :)

@et76039

10 ай бұрын

@@nmarbletoe8210, that would hint at the general direction, but their boats were probably too slow to follow, on a single trip anyway. Ancient Europeans, Levantines, and north Africans were rarely more than a few days from land. For those Polynesians to travel for weeks or months without seeing land would have tested their trust.

@nmarbletoe8210

10 ай бұрын

@@et76039 yes it is impressive faith! but i'm sure they could turn around also if they didn't find something. probably. Some of the birds are actually going from Tahiti to Alaska so they really lucked out Hawaii was there. Thankfully the Hawaiian archipelago stretches 1000 miles so it's a big target coming from Tahiti. There was also an idea that each major star had an island chain under its zenith, For Hawaii it is Hokule'a, Arcturus, Star of Gladness because it meant home latitude. Luck? God's design? Or knowledge predating Polynesia? idk

@BainesAdam

7 ай бұрын

@@nmarbletoe8210 and the South west

@swirledworld340

5 ай бұрын

​@et76039 there was nothing to go back to they were peoples exiled from home and forced to find new land or perish at sea.

I was at Magic Island near Ala Moana the day the Hōkūleʻa completed its worldwide voyage in 2017. I never got to navigate a canoe, but I took celestial navigation at University of Hawaii in '19. My celestial navigation teacher worked with the Polynesian Voyaging Society, and navigated the Makaliʻi to Tahiti from Hawaiʻi using traditional methods. I'm surprised at how much you got right. But I disagree that Oceanians always found these islands on *accident*, as even your evidence proves they were able to knowingly navigate their way to otherwise uninhabited islands. I'd also like to point out that Polynesians used lapita pottery, notably in Tonga and Sāmoa. Why they stopped is up for speculation, but wood bowls and jars became more common later on. There are countless island "finding" stories. The first that comes to mind for me is Hotu Matu'a and the dream of Rapa Nui. Besides a few things, this is a very informative video. Great job!

@GuthlacYT

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you! It's high praise for me that a student who learned about the methods in a more formal sense finds them to be accurate You're right, I'm certain that islands weren't discovered exclusively by accident, the myths I looked at preserved, I think, some semblance of accidental discovery, but I should think that these were in the minority That and Lapita pottery were topics I was branching into, but I made the decision to cut the video off at purely explaining the methods in as much detail as I could, because there were a lot of examples of people gesturing broadly at navigational methods but very few had engaged properly with the methods

@edwinamugunbay5156

2 жыл бұрын

Another thing thats always left out is about micronesian and melanesian navigators used the same methods. The seafaring polynesians came from the West Pacific. Polynesians was able to sail back from Hawaii to Tahiti in the 70's because of 1 man from Micronesia. Mau from satawal Micronesia came to Hawaii to teach the polynesians the lost art all Pacific islanders shared. The canoes that sailed the polynesian islands again in the 2000's were two canoes donated by Micronesia. In honor of Mau the polynesians built a canoe (micronesian design) and sailed it to satawal Micronesia from Hawaii. There a ceremony was held with Mau passing on the title of "po" to his son and 5 polynesians.

@mathoskualawa9000

2 жыл бұрын

@@edwinamugunbay5156 It should be noted that Papa Mau Piailug shared these teachings despite the strict code of secrecy the Pwo* are sworn to. Mau got a lot of grief from his community for sharing the knowledge he had. But he was afraid that no one in his community would learn and pass on the knowledge, hence his willingness to share beyond the Satalwan (and the greater Micronesian group by extension) sphere. Also, all of the five Polynesians were Hawaiian, specifically.

@edwinamugunbay5156

2 жыл бұрын

@@mathoskualawa9000 lol @ "Hawaiians specifically". Duly noted. My apologies.

@jeffbrinkerhoff5121

11 ай бұрын

Wow! I'm impressed that you witnessed those voyagers and appreciate the knowledge. Tell the stories. Best to you.

In Aotearoa, the Scorpio constellation for the Maori is named Te Matau a Māui, the fishhook of Māui in the story of Māui fishing up the North Island - Te Ika A Māu. I'd say the Hawaian legend is the same. So when navigating, the constellation sets behind the islands which look to rise out of the sea.

@tamataua4370

9 ай бұрын

My advanced ancestors knew that AOTEAROA came out of the Ocean millions of years before they arrived here and knew the north Island looked like a fish ... te Ika o maui

@geoffhoutman1557

9 ай бұрын

I’ve always wondered about that. To recognise Ika island as a fish and Pounamu/waka island as a canoe- HOW THE HECK DO YOU DO THAT? Polynesians are the greatest navigators in known history - but did they have aircraft too?

I bought a book from Tonga about Polynesian navigation. I found it hard to follow because of myths and stories, but this video simplified the concepts.

As a Maori/Kiwi, this was absolutly astonishing. And how you mentioned the legend of Maui fishing up Aotearoa with his magical hook, i interpreted that as Mauis magical hook being a metaphor for the navigational tools and knowledge past down, assisted in finding/fishing up that land. Ka mau Te Wehi.

@poisontoad8007

11 ай бұрын

Got to pull him up on a few of things though. That pottery ceased being made because of lack of raw material simply isn't true. Here in Aotearoa we have some of the finest pottery clay in the world, so the answer lies elsewhere. Also to suggest islands were discovered accidentally isn't true either. If that were the case the Pacific would never have been colonised. Polynesian techniques for finding land have been well documented, and there was nothing accidental about it. The diagram of how to work out due south from crux is wrong too, but that's a bit pedantic.

@garygreen2146

9 ай бұрын

As another Maori I'd like to add that not only was the story of Maui use of a fishhook a metaphor , but in fact the use of his Grandmothers jawbone to make the fishhook was allegorical and represents him learning how to navigate from his Grandmother and it was the wisdom and teachings of hers that gave him the ability to sail here .

@aaronmorgan8819

9 ай бұрын

​@@poisontoad8007yes, the firing of clay relates to the creation myth of Tane Mahuta and Hine Ahuone...

@aaronmorgan8819

9 ай бұрын

Whairepo, the north island was the stingray. Aotearoa was the south island, the waka of the gods which then became Maui's waka

@poisontoad8007

9 ай бұрын

@@aaronmorgan8819 Aaron there's no evidence of the people who became Māori making pottery, neither in archaeology, whakatauki or any other kōrero. Pottery-making had its heyday in Melanesia. As our ancestors colonised to the east the art declined. By the time they settled Aotearoa it had pretty much if not absolutely finished. No-one knows why, but that's the evidence. Just because the truth doesn't comply with your beliefs doesn't make it any less true. Our mana is our voice. Our mana is our honesty. Let others revise their history. Don't let's revise ours. Let's not fall into that anti-intellectual and shameless trap.

What a fantastic video! The effort put into this deserves to be recognised!

@shakiMiki

Жыл бұрын

It was brilliant.

Additionally by way of navigating by the swells, imagine about the size of a dinner tray woven from curved sticks, a sort of ocean wave map. This was a map of the oceans swells and went aboard the boats as a navigational aid. Not only did it show the nature and direction the primary swells came in, but it also showed the effects of different land masses had on those swells as they struck an island and an echo of that swell returned to sea, showing the location of that land mass. A map of ocean swells and the echoes of different land masses. If you found an echo you found a land mass, and the echo showed the way.

@charlieross-BRM

10 ай бұрын

Thanks for bringing that up. I've only watched one documentary about using the swells (wave patterns) and that was produced decades ago. It's disappointing that there are so many videos, and so little awareness of that skill. Otherwise how do you navigate when the sun ad the stars are clouded over day and night. That documentary pivoted around an old Polynesian taking his grandson (I think) out on an outrigger. He sat at the back and sat the young man out on the gunwale as close to the bow as possible and started coaching him on forgetting everything else and just feeling those swells coming and going under him. They they progressed to feeling for multiple patterns and determining that direction each was coming from and how they compared in strength. It was like watching somebody learn how to drum for the first time, keeping all those rhythms and timings in their mind. The old man could identify which body of land each pattern was coming from and how far away they were to determine their own position.

@geoffhoutman1557

9 ай бұрын

Also birds

Do remember the "survivor bias" that applies here... people who sailed in the wrong direction would die out at sea, so the people who made it to other islands were the people whose "hunches" were correct. You could have a circle around a center point. By placing a tall stick at a distance, you can see the stars that rise or fall along where that stick meets the ground. You place your stick in the ground to say "I'm going there", then you follow that heading. If somebody comes back from that journey, saying they found land, their stick is marked. Unmarked sticks represent directions where somebody left and didn't return. Directions which you likely wouldn't want to sail. Over decades, even centuries, these circles would acquire more information. Unmarked sticks might be maintained by the remaining families of the people lost to that direction, like symbols of their watery grave, a place to remember them. Each island would come up with its own version, based on the resources it has available to make sticks or stone sculptures, a high point that can see in different directions from a fixed point, or the heading would be encoded in the placement of the object itself, the direction it faces. No single system would be suitable across different islands, but memory of how it was done on the departing island would give a person ideas for how to replicate something on their new island.

@horitauri

7 ай бұрын

Polynesians would sail against the Trade winds to discover new islands. They would therefore easily return home if not successful and they did. You make it sound like they didnt know what they were doing, when in fact they had generations of knowledge and experience behind them!

@JaemanEdwards

6 ай бұрын

A hunch ? You can't be serious ? Trying to find land in the Pacific is like trying to find a needle in a haystack.

@khaleesi7139

3 ай бұрын

No actually survivor bias does not apply here because your "hunches" theory has largely been abandoned by most modern academics. In fact: Andrew Sharp's "1963 drifiting theory essentially argues what you argue but elaborates that migration was a series of one way journeys that were largely accidental, and that exiles from established islands simply drifted onto lands. This view was widely rejected in his time and even more so today as it simply ignores far too much evidence that points to an incredibly complex system of navigation that was traversed more like highways. Remember when James Cook was voyaging through the Pacific; he relied heavily on western navigational methods; with even hiring local Polyneasian navigators who he saw as ill equipped to know navigation - however as he spent more time with them; he became amazed at the array of non-european navigational methods that relied heavily on their connection to the land and sea, concluding the islands could only be populated through navigation. This in no way implies they were the only humans doing so btw as modern literature has found many non-european navigational systems like those of the Indians along the coasts through to South East Asia, indigenous in Madagascar etc. however the positioning of the Pacific and it's proximity to the equator helped facilitate the Polynesian system and it's expanse. So what im pretty much saying is these werent people who just went about the ocean blindfolded, just sending people off to the sea without knowing lol settling the islands of the Pacific was methodical and complex.

Awesome job with this. I learned a lot!

18:35. I knew it took balls to navigate the open Pacific. Now you just proved it.

Awesome video, a very comprehensive outline of navigation methods. Whales were also another navigation helper, they stop off and feed predictably along the reefs of particular islands as part of their yearly migrations with names even given to guardians who travelled with particular ancestral canoes.. One technology they did excel at was the storage capacity of the human brain in their schools of learning. with so much encoded in a huge body of knowledge as you mentioned. Indeed the polynesian worldview is opposite to western in many ways, the past is in front of us, as it is known and seen, the future, behind us as it is hidden and unseen. Navigators pull an island towards themselves rather that looking at travelling 'to' it. It's thanks to the late Mau Pialug and the many tireless modern day navigators who have learned all he taught them to rebuild the body of knowledge around polynesian navigating. Without Mau and those he taught, so much would have been lost forever. Thanks for making this in a way that pays respect to the amazing feats of our ancestors.

Wayfinding has always been mysterious and fascinating. To see it explained so clearly feels like Merlin explaining how magic works to an apprentice. The graphics might look low-budget to some, but they're actually fun, and the content is absolutely awesome. I'm going to watch this video again and again.

Thank you for this. It took two days down the KZread rabbit hole to find my answer. I was curious how ancient cultures such as the Polynesians navigated, by far, the worlds largest ocean and how they survived such journeys. This answered all my questions. 🙏

Thanks for a fine video telling a valuable story. Mau Pialug and David Lewis are personal heroes for maintaining the ancient navigator's art. Became aware of them in the 70's as a multihull enthusiast. Pialug noted island generated swells were sensed from the motion in the stern by the testicles and the direction of islands could be also be detected in the dark by"te lapa" (little lightnings) which were streaks of bioluminescent micro-organisms in te seawater. The orientation of the streaks indicates the direction of the island mass. Navigators are revered as "Ppallu".

Ultimately, Cook's discoveries opened "Oceania" to the world. So the world owes more to Cook, than it does to Polynesians. Notwithstanding the fact that Polynesian navigational skills were mind-blowing. Especially without metal or writing. Polynesians can rest assured in pride for their open ocean, seafaring navigator ancestors.

11:38 if I’m not mistaken, the name of that constellation called _Tautoru_ should mean “3 people”. In my language (Chuukese; Mortlockese dialect) we call that same constellation _Un Aluwel_ which means “3 Guys”. I know about that constellation lol. And I remember hearing that the Māori had the same meaning for that same constellation.

@jaqenhghar2970

Жыл бұрын

Very interesting. In Tongan, we call it _Alotolu_ which means "the three rowers"

Nice to see this video come to fruition after so many months. It was definitely worth the wait you did a great job Guthlac!

Appreciate you referring to New Zealand as Aotearoa. Great video.

@Digmen1

6 күн бұрын

I don''t appreciate you calling New Zealand Aotearoa. This is the modern trend, but it has no base in fact. Great Barrier Island was called Aotea by the maori.

Not to denigrate the remarkable achievements of the Polynesians in any way, but Melanesians also had ocean going technology to cross parts of the Pacific. I grew up in Fiji, which lies at the intersection of Melanesia and Polynesia. Pre-European contact Fijians had a wide range of sailing craft, including large double hulled war canoes (drua) that could carry up to 200 men and that were quite capable of travelling from Fiji to its nearest neighbours in Tonga and Samoa. Steering by the balls is news to me, and frankly I doubt the veracity of what sounds like an outlandish claim. Any man who has stood on an open windswept deck will attest to the scrotum tightening effects of cold weather. But I have heard of traditional navigators who literally stuck their hands over the side of the boat to feel where they were in the open ocean. This appears far more plausible given the potential sensitivity of finger tips to wave energy reflected off reefs and land.

@goukhanakul

10 күн бұрын

It’s because we all have similar ancestors.

polynesians are absolutely fascinating and hands-down the most talented navigators that this world will ever see, however it kills me how they literally discovered the new world, but never managed to find australia, instead being shocked to learn of its existence

@AndrewBlucher

11 ай бұрын

I think the Maori knew of Australia.

@nicktorea4017

11 ай бұрын

Maori would travel to Australia seasonally each year the Aboriginals called us the turtle dreamers because their arrival would coincide with the sea turtles egg laying cycle.

@AndrewBlucher

11 ай бұрын

@@nicktorea4017 Hi Nick, do you know where I can read more about this? Regards, Andy

@nicktorea4017

11 ай бұрын

@@AndrewBlucher sorry I don't know it was told to me by my tipuna (grandparents/ancestors) sorry I can't help you another story was told to me of Tupaia guiding Cook here... Cook was about to give up trying to find NZ & return to England but was told about Tupaia who lived in Tahiti & could Navigate to NZ so Cook persuaded him to guide him which he did upon reaching these shores the locals were seen waving on the beaches and yelling out Tupaia Tupaia which highlighted the frequency of Tupaia's previous visits be reason of the locals familiarity with Tupaia. I really regret not paying more attention when I was younger all that knowledge has passed now.

@AndrewBlucher

11 ай бұрын

@@nicktorea4017 Thanks Nick.

I've seen a few videos about this fascinating subject, but I must say that this one is by far the most detailed and clear presentation out there. Great work!

The wording your looking for canoe's is Waka mighty ships of the pacific, double hull waka's over 100 feet long and twice as big as the Endeavor. These were one of the great wonders of the world at the time for a pacific nation.

I loved this. I was practically disappointed when i got to the conclusion because it was coming to an end and I wanted MORE.

Thank you so much for this amazing video. I am currently researching Polynesian navigation for a science unit our school is teaching next term. I have spent hours trying to piece together how a star compass works. This video is by far the most detailed and easiest-to-understand explanation I have seen. My mind is now racing with ideas of how I can share this information in a practical way with fellow staff and students. Ngā mihi nui.

Thank you so much for your effort! Awesome job! Heard a podcast on this subject and needed a visualization of some sort. I am so thrilled about this. 🙌🏻

This is my ideal KZread video - introducing a topic I pretty much never think about, getting me into it, then blowing my mind with its depth/complexity. Great job.

This is absolutely amazing. The amount of skill, intelligence and familiarity with nature required to be able to achieve such feats speaks volumes on human ingenuity. Thank you for this wonderful video, liked and subbed 😊

@river4462

11 ай бұрын

Hee hee hee, can you see it now? americans having to get by with these traditions.... yuh no way. Most so out of touch america lives like a spreading disease. Many will agree

this is incredible. well done sir. I had looked for a video with a more in depth over view like this video on the subject a few years ago, but nothing existed on youtube at the time.

Wow. What an amzing video to stumble across. Fantastically informative & clearly conveyed. Thank you. I've seen a few, incuding full docs. This was by far the best.

Cook had a chief with him on his ship and there is a copy of the map the chief drew for Cook .

Mahalo nui loa for this delightful and informative video. I enjoyed it however I must disagree with your final statement that the Polynesians discovered many islands by "accident". This is a mischaracterization of the traditional wisdom and knowledge of sensitive and clever people.

This was so informative and awesome! Thanks for putting it together

Very good, simple temperature works well in the south pacific for latitude - southern french polynesia is colder, NZ latitude way colder. If you sailed 1 or 2000km south by accident in this area - you would soon know.

Excellent video. This is one of my favorite topics. I read about this in an old National Geographic decades ago. It's unforgettable.

Beautiful lesson and demonstration.Thank you very much.

I really enjoyed this video. Thanks for putting it together.

Such a great video! Neil DeGrasse Tyson piqued my interest in this topic during Cosmos: Possible Worlds, and I'm so glad you were able to shed more light on the topic! Excellent video!

Most excellent video. As someone who is well versed In all aspects of aerial navigation I loved the additional survival navigation theroys.

Excellent, concise explanation of how WE were once attuned to our planet. Mankind would have evolved with 'nature.' Intriguing to understand The World in their perspective.

I love this video! The ability of humans to come with solutions to problems is nothing short of incredible.

One of the most interesting videos I have watched on youtube, great work.

They truly were the best navigators. I always wondered how they survived storms at sea. Also how they avoided the health problems that result from being exposed to the sea, like sores from the salt water.

Great job! I learned so much from this! :D

Phenomenal video man. This was so fascinating

Amazing video. You have to love anything that illuminates and makes vivid the realities of ancient peoples

This is one of the most interesting things I have ever seen - I will share this knowledge with my class. Thank you.

Very factual and informative, thanks for all your hard work! 💪😤

Taught me a lot! Thanks.

18:35 proves why men are the best navigators. Its something youre born with.

One of the best vids on KZread, learned a lot 👏

Outstanding, sir. Thank you.

I totally agree . Thankyou ! I'm not clever enough to follow all of this but I have always wondered how it was done and You have shed some light on what for me has always been a mystery . THANKYOU !!!!!

Hey! I just found out your channel! Time to binge watch!

this is really fantastic content, big ups 👍👍

In 1990 we paddled 90 man waka Te Awatea Hou from Waikawa, south island toTitahi Bay, North island in Aotearoa. 14 hours in the mostly the dark night. On ourvreturn, our instructions were to steer left of Venus in order to enter the channel known as Raukawa or Cook Strait betwen the two islands.🥝🇳🇿😎

this is really really really good ....... thank you for creating it

Your content is awesome. I hate how KZread doesn't promote educative videos like these.

@AndrewBlucher

11 ай бұрын

The algorithm gives you more of what you engage with :-) If I watch an F1 vid, it will offer me more of them. If I watch a Cat vid it'll offer more of them. More so if I like, comment, or subscribe.

Thank you so much, this video is so underrated.

fantastic video, thank you!

Really good watch. I’ve always been fascinated by these sea people.

exceptional video!!! Thank you

I have ask this question of how they navigated to New Zealand for years, this is an excellent production thanks.

@JaemanEdwards

6 ай бұрын

Maori were very clever people. They invented modern trench warfare after all.

brilliant insight. thanks.

Fascinating! Thank you!

Just utterly fascinating.

As a polynesian descendant, I thank you.

Wow. Dipping the coin purse to check the swell. I do similar to check the wind, maybe even a faint breeze. Great informative vid mate👍

Star paths! Ingenious! It sounds like the different addresses the SG teams had to learn to return to Earth!

Fascinating- absolutely fascinating... billions of us see an ocean and see nothing but ocean... these guys saw paths that took them thousands of kilometres

Fantastic! You must have done a lot of research with this and it shows!

Interesting that you didn't mention the Polynesian stick charts.

@ANTSEMUT1

16 күн бұрын

Right? Or how they judged how there is land in a certain direction.

Farmers in Java also use stars to start farming.

Great video!

This is a sick lil video bud!

Very interesting!

That is brilliant stuff! I guess when the ancient Polynesians first encountered Europeans and discovered the European's lack of navigational skills, they might have thought to themselves: "Ahh, the kids these days aren't worth a huckle".

I don't know if I would have said they did it entirely by accident.... Your video and explanation were utterly superb! This was the best one I have seen in many days, and I have watched excellent ones on various subjects to-day! Some of these might still be in use. Not just as a legacy or a preservation revival, but as an actual necessity. As I understand it, of our 6plus bil on the planet (more than 8 is more than six!), there're fifty thousand or so people who permanently navigate across the sea on ancient designs of craft.

@TillyOrifice

11 ай бұрын

Yes, I loved this video, right up until the last sentence.

@eeeaten

11 ай бұрын

@@TillyOrifice yes that last sentence was a weird and inaccurate statement

@user-tn8ci6wg5k

10 ай бұрын

Yeah, that ending was weird. It was a throwback to the days when anthropologists claimed Polynesians drifted around the Pacific until they ran into land.

this is amazing!

Fascinating stuff as usual! This is something i've been wondering about for years and now i know!

@Guthlac, can you recommend further reading on this subject for those of us who want to learn more?

Very nice!

Thanks, that is amazing!

Damn. As a Maori, I never knew how clever my ancestors were. But then they did invent modern trench warfare.

I believe it was just centuries of trial and effort, I mean the Polynesian islands are all small so of course they’re going to want to travel and it was just years of learning from mistakes and learning to use what was around them very primal instinct vibes

@goukhanakul

10 күн бұрын

It’s knowledge past on to us from our austronesian ancestors who migrated from Southeast Asia

In order to navigate to a destination, you need to have prior knowledge of where you are going. Initial Polynesian explorers were incredibly brave to keep going into a vast, endless-looking ocean, not knowing where they would end up.

@eeeaten

Ай бұрын

i agree. a key aspect of their exploration skill was the ability to tack into the prevailing wind in the search for islands, then confidently return home with the wind at their backs. there are so many islands in the western and central pacific it must have seemed like the ocean and islands stretched out forever.

Thank god for the austronesians who invented the ocean navigation since first set off from Taiwan!

@goukhanakul

10 күн бұрын

Yes thanks to our austronesian ancestors!!! we made it🤙🏽

They are the children of the ocean! ❤❤❤

This was so interesting.

A compas is easy to understand and helps immensely in north-south navigating. But europeans struggled for centuries to find a reliable way of doing east-west navigating.

Hi Guthlac, Thank you very much for your work. Very interesting and clear. I'd really like to dig deeper on this particular subject. Have you still the sources with which you created this video ? Does they used experimental archeology ? Like I say I'd really like to know more about ancient south pacific sailing techniques. Best regards

@GuthlacYT

10 ай бұрын

Sure! so a lot of what we know about navigation first came to light in David Lewis's "We the Navigators" - a book from the 1970s. I recommend that because it goes into a lot more detail than I do here, and mentions things that I didn't have time to mention

@jonathanz8203

10 ай бұрын

@@GuthlacYT thanks a lot.

such a great video

Amazing thank you

Superb!!!

It is said that the Navigators never slept on the journey so they must in some way keep track of where they are on the journey

just found this channel because of Anglo Saxon stuff love your content already!

Great video

amazing video

'From Peru to Madagascar' fixed that for you.

@eeeaten

11 ай бұрын

polynesians didn't go to madagascar, austronesians did.