I have less free time now as I've started a fellowship which will lead into a PhD. But I will continue to read articles and make videos. Just at a slower pace now.

@-w-.

3 жыл бұрын

I hope it goes well. I'll be anticipating your next video

@ButWhySci

3 жыл бұрын

@Multiversal Explorers Machine learning applications to Climate science.

@leukota

2 жыл бұрын

KZread will be far more income for you. Notice I didn't say *would.

@Dr.Kraig_Ren

2 жыл бұрын

Hello sir, I think the problem with the video is in it's title. Not everyone knows what C4 cycle is. If you could change it to some other title like *Photosynthesis is Defective!* or like *There are two Types of photosynthesis!* I just want science channels to grow...so that they could do more effort and also because I simply love science. This video might explain what I am trying to say:- kzread.info/dash/bejne/hWasqryJeJi5nso.html Hope my message reach you. And amazing work by the way.

@Generatorsarefake

2 жыл бұрын

@@leukota Not everyone values income to a stringent degree.

The new report is now scientist can artificially synthesize starch by light without cell, it's reported to be about 8.5 fold more efficiency than plants' photosynthesis.

@ButWhySci

2 жыл бұрын

Oh cool I just found the paper! Thanks for bringing this to my attention.

@mayurmahale3049

2 жыл бұрын

Y'all got a paper I can scihub?

@cerocero2817

2 жыл бұрын

.

@heliusuniverse7460

2 жыл бұрын

.

@LANSl0t

2 жыл бұрын

.

c4 is basically just putting a filter into a factory conveyor so you get only, say copper plates, instead of mostly iron plates and sometimes copper

@DenebTM

2 жыл бұрын

Do I smell a Factorio player

@FloofyTanker

2 жыл бұрын

@@DenebTM takes one to know one

@DenebTM

2 жыл бұрын

@@FloofyTanker no hard evidence but yes

@explosionspin3422

2 жыл бұрын

The leaf must grow

@reahs4815

2 жыл бұрын

hmmmm factorio much?

What I am worried about is how c4 trees would affect weather patterns, especially in rainforest areas. Rainforest trees contribute a huge amount of water into the atmosphere, so reducing the amount they release could cause entire regions to have drastically different climate conditions. No point to planting a billion new trees in an area if they just end up killing themselves or causing a region nearby to die out. Was it stated in the video how much the c4 lowers the release of water compared to c3?

@Psychopatz

2 жыл бұрын

Good point

@nirodper

2 жыл бұрын

thw thing is while rainforests are the most diverse ecosystems on the planet, most trees aren´t in rainforests, and cultivated trees are mostly planted in grasslands (which sometimes were forests that we cut in the past, or were too dry to develop a proper forest)

@lc9245

2 жыл бұрын

The first use for such mutation is not replacing existing fauna, it is agriculture. If our crops use less water, we can conserve more water. If our crops are more efficient at using CO2, agriculture can help reduce carbon a little bit more, even if their net emission is still positive.

@KarolOfGutovo

2 жыл бұрын

Wouldn't the plans ingest less water in the first place? Like, they would fill up and not be able to take up much more than they would have anyways

@cd8048

2 жыл бұрын

@@KarolOfGutovo that'd mean the water would be locked up in the dirt of these forests instead of being cycled, they might even turn into swamps in the long run, though that's just conjecture.

A note from a plant scientist. Plants are fairly well balanced organisims, the oxygen pathway produces free radicals which are important in defence. The defence pathway I'm studying actually doesn't work without light and we have to control for light levels otherwise we get variance in our experimental data. The oxygen pathway isn't just a waste pathway and some would argue it's a pathway that produces vital molecules. It's still an open question in plant science. C4 plants have been a major project for many years with limited success. There are other low hanging fruit to improve water retention. I'm of the opinion that disease which leads to loss of 30% of crops worldwide is a much better target as there are lots of little problems we can easily solve as opposed to one great white whale. However, successful C3 to C4 would be amazing. It may just be not possible or of possible it may be ineffective.

@Astromyxin

2 жыл бұрын

What do you think would happen if it proved to be _too successful_ ? What kind of scenario can you envision if all of this were to be so successful that it created a huge problem?

@ibnyahud

2 жыл бұрын

Totally agree! I have plans to study "ancillary" biochemical pathways myself This cannot be disregarded. I remember just 15 years ago they were telling everyone most of your DNA is "junk"! *Epigenetics enters the chat* ...

@molybdaen11

2 жыл бұрын

In my opinion its pretty arrogant to think a few decades of research could replace billions of jears of try and error. There is a reason plants evolved like this. Maybe there is a better way which just has not evolved jet. But it cauld also cause new problems with parasites, plant eaters, resistence to cold snaps, growing or cancer risk.

@philipm3173

2 жыл бұрын

Where do people think secondary metabolites come from?

@philipm3173

2 жыл бұрын

Ironically there is a ton to learn in finding better chemicals for treating disease in the rain forest plant species that are rapidly going extinct. Even with all the benefits of computers, there is no replacement for the immense natural resources that we chronically devalue and destroy. This problem isn't about making the Earth change, it's that _we_ need to change! Stubbornly, we cling to our worst habits at a time when we must be willing to try new things.

Underrated chanel

@no_special_person

3 жыл бұрын

Not for long, he's definatly gonna blow up. I've seen it so many times. Within 2 years I expect hell have at least 50k Than 200k And soon 500k.

@delinquentnerd

2 жыл бұрын

Extremely

@mistergoo

2 жыл бұрын

Totally

@freeman3467

2 жыл бұрын

he should have millions subscriptions, absolutely.

@axel7445

2 жыл бұрын

But why?

I just wonder what you're majoring, chemistry or physics? because both of your physics and chemistry videos are so great.. great job

@con_el_maestro3544

2 жыл бұрын

I bet it's Chemistry

@revimfadli4666

2 жыл бұрын

Won't be surprised if it's xenobiology, since it involves both astronomy and biochemistry

@albertmashy8590

2 жыл бұрын

neither. Degrees don't mean intelligence

@Look_Upon_The_Heart

2 жыл бұрын

Chemistry is a form of physics

@ThatGuy-zw4le

2 жыл бұрын

Apparently, he studies machine learning. See pinned comment reply.

The problem is your "flaw" is based on your POV not the plant. Your explanation even says as a result of it getting too hot this "flaw" makes the plant lose more water, but loosing water decreases the temp of the plant. C4 is more efficient running but cost the plants much more in order to make. It's all about trade offs, not flaws.

@pehenry

2 жыл бұрын

Fine points. But edit your "loose" to "lose".

@borja556

Жыл бұрын

And there is a crisis called desertification, with the decrease of cualitie in water as well as his availability. Then a vey interesting research area is the deficitate irrigation method and how to produce the same with less water, or with worster water. ( I am learning English)

@andrewbolten6617

Жыл бұрын

I mean there is probably a reason why Evolution evolved plants in this way. If c4 leaves were really better then why are they not widespread in nature?

@borja556

Жыл бұрын

@@andrewbolten6617 Not all planta have been studied yet, and plants can have different mechanism which them do fotosíntesis while changing between them or which all of them at the same time. Any mechanism has his good and bad things, in an inveroment with less light c3 plants and are better, then if a plant can't guarantee that when it grows up will beat another's and get most of sun light, they can make use efficiently of C4 photosynthesis. The evolution is not like a student that aims for a high score in a test, evolution only aim to pass the test with the lower note possible and this note is that that the plant need to pass his genes to the next generation to then die or whatever. I am still learning English sorry about my writing skills.

@xrete

Жыл бұрын

@@borja556 i need more information

A C4 tree might actually cause a slight paradox. The anatomy of tree would have the leaves and xylem layer benefit from the better metabolism, but remember that the woody tissue in "trees" is composed of cells that have had their central vacuole build up so much waste the cell becomes non-viable and is then left behind as the xylem layer moves outward. The key is that the majority of the waste in the central vacuole is bound RuBP. So in a way you'd create a... fern? Less wood, more green and leaves... carbon capture via composted leaves?

@chemieju6305

2 жыл бұрын

I think composting it would release a lot od the carbon dioxide again. You'd need a way to store it non-composted. Thats how we ended up with coal, trees were like "oh look what we discovered, WOOD!" and all the microbes were like "so what are we supposed to do with it?"

@GeckoHiker

2 жыл бұрын

@@chemieju6305 I postulate that burning deadfall in a highly efficient woodstove has less impact on climate change than the natural composting of deadfall in a forest. And studies are available to statistically analyze this. Anyway, it just seemed more logical to collect deadfall for our wood burning stoves instead of chopping down a healthy tree to burn it. We live in the Mark Twain National Forest area. There is natural deadfall everywhere.

@chemieju6305

2 жыл бұрын

@@GeckoHiker you are totally right, because in a stove you get a lot of the energy out of it that would otherwise be used by the microbes. It can even get to the point where you are carbon neutral, because you burn dead wood at the same speed it grows. The one thing you cant achive that way is carbon capture, where you actively remove carbon dioxide from the air and store it long term instead of turning it into new fuel.

These C4 plants would be more useful on future human colonies/ space habitats where their ability to more efficiently capture CO2 from the atmosphere as it is a much cheaper alternative to scrubbers.

That was absolutely amazing. I had no idea this issue existed and the science was so far advanced. Very much appreciate you filling us in, and with such top drawer production values too.

I'm a software engineer and have limited plant biology knowledge, therefore thank you for your video. It was complicated but informative. The future sounds exciting.

@nmayor4232

2 жыл бұрын

What could go wrong? It's what plants crave! (Corn Genes)

@GeckoHiker

2 жыл бұрын

As a software engineer working with computer simulation I hope this potentially disastrous plant engineering hypothesis is studied under simulation before ever letting it escape into a wild ecosystem.

dude, your stuff in this channel is absolute gold.

If currently known, a video explaining the evolution of cells and organisms from the molecular level would be deeply fascinating. In the same spirit of quantum fields to molecules. Sounds like a possible incomplete area of study, though. No idea! Great videos. My favorite channel on all of KZread. The only one I have notifications on for because I can’t wait to see more.

This is why I support GMOs. When used correctly, it can save us tons of resources in water and energy.

@Astromyxin

2 жыл бұрын

Or, it could bring about a situation where plants grow completely out of control and end up suffocating all other life on the planet and completely changing the chemistry of the ocean.

@nekomimicatears

2 жыл бұрын

@@Astromyxin no, that does not happen accidentally.

@Astromyxin

2 жыл бұрын

@@nekomimicatears What doesn't?

@Astromyxin

2 жыл бұрын

@@pootzeketzi1233 So you're saying that hypothetical situations don't happen accidentally, or just that one?

@wolverinexo6417

2 жыл бұрын

@@Astromyxin lol it’s pretty easy to kill plants

I like to consider myself a smart person, ready to learn about such a dramatic topic as a problem in one of the most important processes on the planet I wasn't expecting to be this far out of my depth in less than a minute This is brilliant

@theparadigm8149

8 ай бұрын

Brilliant, but misleading! This video conflates trade-offs with inefficiency. For instance, plants lose water to cool off, just like humans. We also can’t see photosynthesis from the plant’s perspective, so we won’t know if the plants really consider photosynthesis to be inefficient (though assuming that plants have the capacity to “consider” anything is a stretch!)

what an awesome channel, I thoroughly hope you see 1m subs within a year as this is some of the best content on youtube!

From BBC Future: C3 plants lose 97% of the water they take up through their roots to transpiration. So the C4 pathway is ideal for the hotter drought conditions that are increasingly prevalent owing to climate change. C4 plants are so successful, especially in tropical savannahs, that they are responsible for as much as 30% of all terrestrial carbon fixing, even though they make up a tiny percentage of plants (just 5%) . Some of the crops that we cultivate use the C4 pathway, including corn (maize), sugarcane, sorghum and millet. But many of the most popular crops, including wheat and rice, are C3 plants. Their yields suffer in hotter drier conditions - just where and when we need to increase them.

Worth mentioning the carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems doesn’t put that carbon in the soil. Planting trees is fine but over emphasized. We also have to restore native grasslands

@randominternetguy3537

2 жыл бұрын

Most of the o2 comes from plankton and other microscopic plants/animals anyway.

@gralha_

2 жыл бұрын

Doesn't capture co2 in the soil, but it significantly improves the climate locally

@pehenry

2 жыл бұрын

Why is "carbon sequestration" important in the first place?

@krinklesofmadness

2 жыл бұрын

@@pehenry assuming this question was asked in good faith and that you recognize carbon dioxide is a green house gas, you can think of our attempts at improving the carbon sinks of the world as a way of balancing the so called “carbon budget.” As we inevitably continue to burn fossil fuels, we’re taking ancient carbon that had no atmospheric impact and creating an atmospheric problem. One of the ways you can balance this is improving the carbon sinks of the world, that is, the natural systems responsible for removing *and storing* carbon from the atmosphere.

@pehenry

2 жыл бұрын

@@krinklesofmadness how much CO2 is in our air right now?

Your channel is incomprehensibly better than most of the KZread.

Thorough explanations along with comprehensive animations. Very nice 👌

what if we create c4 trees that are so efficient they cause a rapid ice age...

Insane Video. The quality is amazing! Great work.

Veeery underrated channel Will probably binge everything u have

Watching this, I saw that I needed to refresh my memory on the details of photosynthesis. And fortunately "But Why" has a video on photosynthesis.

Thank you so much for making this. It's beautiful.

This is the best channel I have ever found

this video sorely needs a different title/thumbnail. you deserve way more views on it

Very good short review of the topic!

I have no clue what's going in in the video but your presentation of it is great so I just kept watching

I live in Minnesota, land of 10k lakes. We finally had an end to a summer long drought. A drought, in a place where you usually don't even need to walk a mile to find a water source.

@frbe0101

2 жыл бұрын

and that drought ended likely because of all the fires up in Canada north of us sending down all that smoke that induced precipitation.

Very good content - keep it at this level!

This is a top tier channel, i like it when I find things I didn’t know I wanted.

The quality of your videos is insane

Beautiful work!

Very cool video. Super informative, well researched and nice visuals.

Awesome content you got here in this channel!

commenting for the algorithm, underrated channel bro

This is probably the best channel that goes in-depth science without it just being a lecture-form. He's made a balance between the entertainment of animations and information. However, I think for someone just getting into science or have a basic knowledge, this would be a bit too higher level and would be more appealed with the more popular channels like Veritasium or Vsauce which often dumb-downs information. I would still say this is a much higher quality channel than any other popular channel.

3:20 that inhale lmao

@V_2077

2 жыл бұрын

And 5:56 haha

@V_2077

2 жыл бұрын

And 6:23, finding these is fun 🤣

This is fascinating! how common are c3 to c4 plants? any examples... and what about CAM plants?

Amazing channel, can't believe I just found it.

*repeats what everyone else has said about how cool this channel is*

life doesn't care about perfection, life is fine with "good enough".

@mastershooter64

2 жыл бұрын

that's right, not survival of the fittest but it's "survival of the fit enough"!

@hic_tus

2 жыл бұрын

@@mastershooter64 it's survival period. i mean, pandas...

Your channel is amazing!

Chemist here, love your channel !

Awesome animation and well explained Love from india :)

Very good video!

Arren Bar-Even had some very impressive papers surrounding synthetic biology approaches to carbon fixation. One of his papers from 2010 explored the possibility of a carbon fixation cycle which completely bypasses RuBisCO and instead uses the faster, more specific PEP carboxylase for all carbon fixation, and which shuffles OAA back to PEP with net carbon addition. Essentially it's a really nifty replacement of the entire Calvin cycle

Awesome video

biggest gem on KZread

I'm just beginning the video but off the top of my head it seems like a great idea to do this. You don't want to start glycolysis while photosynthesis is Super Active the plant is making and using nadh and ATP which is available for other cellular processes so you don't need glycolysis to be going on while you're running the Calvin cycle.

Question: If you found a way to allow for s plant to not die via heat, could you make a plant more efficient by changing the pigment to a higher wavelength then green, allowing for more high energy light to be absorbed? (I know this wasn’t in the video, but I am just wondering.) [I love you physics videos by the way, and this one was just as interesting, I love the animation style and intuitive explanation!]

Could the lack of C4 trees be down to the need for transpiration to keep water/nutrients flowing to the canopy? I.e. stomata need to open to get nutrients up there, so there’s less benefit to reducing stomata opening?

@frbe0101

2 жыл бұрын

Cactuses can get pretty tall, sort of.

Amazing channel

I can't claim to know much about plant physiology, but I would think long and hard, and think a little bit more, before I started mucking about with "improving" something like this. Systems tend to moderate themselves, and all systems tend towards equilibrium. Do we really know enough about the planetary ecosystem to make changes like this?

@Astromyxin

2 жыл бұрын

I think the answer to that question is unequivocally, "No.". Personally, I think that this kind of thinking comprises some sort of higher order observation of the Dunning-Kruger Effect; as if to say that they don't possess the capacity to understand how much they don't know about complex systems such as these. I mean, scientists still don't know what makes a riderless bicycle self stable when you "ghostride" a bike. Comparatively, the system of phenomena that culminate in a bike being ghost ridden without a rider is far smaller and less complex in scope, and yet nobody has been able to satisfactorily explain why this occurs, and I think that while this is a not a perfect example, it does a decent enough job of encapsulating the concept of "how much we know" vs. "how much _we think we know_ ".

As someone equally interested in biology, physics, and chemistry, this channel is the holy grail of science channels

Very interesting! 🧐

What do you think about using black leaf photosynthesis instead of green? If it can be implemented successfully, it could absorb much more energy from the sun.

Photosynthesis happens in the mitochondrion, which, as we all know, is the nucleus of the cell. All of the genetic code and essential nutrients like water, earth, air, fire and mercury are stored there. A radish is a red type of bird the tastes exactly like a salad. I do put it in my food and when there are 0 radishes nearby, I get really sad. Last time I had 0 radishes, a living skeleton drove to my house in a 2008 Ford Fiesta. He asked me to show him my magnificent radishes, but all I could show him was an empty radish bag in my garage. Radishes are the blood red eyeballs of the gods, they get grown in the ground and are made by oysters in the ocean.

If evapotranspiration is reduced will that have any net effect on the hydrologic cycle?

@runed0s86

2 жыл бұрын

Yes! After communities planted acres of trees in the middle east, they started seeing more clouds and rainfall! Rainforests generally generate their own thunderstorms as well.

Have you ever considered that this inhibitor is actually necessary to regulating the amount of energy the plants produce because of some evolutionary event in the past? Like perhaps some of the previous ice ages that were caused by too many plants reducing the amount of C02 in the atmosphere?

I wonder if it's possible to combine C4 plants with the modified C3 chloroplasts.

This whole concept as well as the science being done to try new things, is wildly fascinating and truly awesome

Very good

Changing the efficiency of plants would effect which species grow where and in what quantities, this could potentially totally change every environment on earth for good or bad.

Isn't the undesired byproduct also a possible storage mechanic? Similar to fat in mammals?

so c4 photosynthesis is in cacti and xeric plants? i was thinking if their photosynthesis can be improved as well so that they can live in shady areas to prevent sunburns

Awesome

So helpful in my biology studies, but I still need you to pause so that my brain can comprehend the terms and processes 😅

How am I barely discovering this channel now!?!?

@Astromyxin

2 жыл бұрын

How does one "barely discover" something? 🤔

Xerophyte plants are those that need little to no water. They even develop ways to store water. Cacti and snake plants fit into this category.

@Mrcreeperdead

2 жыл бұрын

Cam- plants, if i recall correctly

Did I miss the examples of C4 pattern plants ?

Where did you get your chart of atmospheric CO2 that shows 7000 ppm 500 million years ago? About minute 1.

This is better than how some professors explain things.

Plants thanks for the updates

I wonder if it would be easier to somehow implant the c4 pathways into an already existing tree, or to just grab a c4 exhibiting plant species and modifying it to be more tree-like. Maybe it could be achieved by implanting genes that somehow cancel whatever process tells it to stop growing?

[Edit: P.S. you earned yourself a new sub with this one! Fantastic discussion!] 0:50 - "But why?" Because it still works. =) This, among a dozen other things in nature, are fantastic evidence that evolution is indeed random in nature. No competent designer would design something this deliberately inefficient and broken, right? And yet, our universe is such that, despite the inefficiency, it's still good enough to get generation after generation to reproduce and pass on that broken jalopy of a gene. Our primate ancestors used to be able to make vitamin C (we can't). Our primate ancestors used to be able to break down uric acid, which causes gout (we can't). Even our anatomy contains a strange nerve in our necks that takes the longest, most circuitous route to the tissue it innervates, the recurrent laryngeal. Ever get a stuffy nose? Chimps have holes in their skulls at the base of the sinuses that let that stuff drain. Our sinuses have holes too, but they're at the top of the sinuses. Brilliant! Evolution is a really fascinating topic!

It won't help a forest (not a single tree) sequester more Carbon on a longer timescale because what is limiting a mature forest is its crowding (it becomes light and nutrient-limited as it crowds), increasing the growth rate would just help young forests to reach this state faster.

Rubisco was earlier known as the Russian Biscuit Company. They shortened their name around the time they copied the Hydrox chocolate sandwich cookie. The Oleg keeps ice cream from getting lonely.

I would love to see a video on how blood works and maybe how to improve it

If we stop or decrease the amount of water that leaves the plants leaves, wont that affect the climate over that given landmass? As in less water vapers form clouds over c4 rich landmasses and thus cloud production will slow in those areas, decreasing waterfall in the downwind areas? This might be a bit extreme but still...

@Astromyxin

2 жыл бұрын

I think the answer to that question is, "Probably.".

CAM! Surely CAM would be better if we want more heat tolerance?

*raises hand at **4:45**-* sooo is C4 photosynthesis layout an adaptive response that flourished due to our (relatively) low atmospheric CO2 in the last however many millions of years? And now that we're releasing CO2 at a faster rate than any period in geologic history, will this affect C4 photosynthetic plants?

@90klh

2 жыл бұрын

Also, can we genitically modify plants to fix this?

Man out here correcting biology

I barely understand any of this and have no use for this knowledge. I was captivated the entire time though.

Fantastic! Incredible! Amazing! Astounding! Astonishing! Mighty! Marvelous! Better than Marvel's superheroes movies!

Now how do you tell the plants this information?

You mentioned CO2 being low right now. Does that mean that consequences from global warming used to be the norm? Like, more storms, floods and draughts, higher water level/less habitable land?

from an ecological perspective. If the temperature is rising and plants helps cool down the environment by giving up some of its water into the air then it makes better balance wise. So curious by replacing c3 with c4 photosynthesis how will it impact the environment. If c4 plants are more efficient, why are there not more plants using it except in deserts

@Crosshair84

2 жыл бұрын

"why are there not more plants using it except in deserts" Whenever I am working on a system that I did not design or build and I come across that question, the answer is usually, "Because there is either a cost to doing it the "better" way that I am not aware of. Or the "wrong" way comes with a benefit that I am not aware of.

@Hamsters831

2 жыл бұрын

@@Crosshair84 let's see how things go when they deploy this en masse

What will happen if you C6 it ?

Is it possible that this inhibitor has a regulation function? Or is part of such?

@Astromyxin

2 жыл бұрын

Yes.

I think an ideal test-vehicle for this would be cultivated bamboo for wood production in moderate/arid grassland areas. They don't reproduce easily (via pollination), and produce usable wood quickly.

@JLK89

2 жыл бұрын

Okay, i looked it up. Seems bamboo is not c4, but giant reed is. And it's considered an invasive species almost everywhere exactly because it grows so vigorously, can survive in droughts and promotes fires (and then grows back quicker than anything else that burned). However 'biomass producer' is listes as one of its main uses... Plus there seem to be some studies on the use of reed stems as particle board filler...

crazy that i learned about this in freshman science class

My main concern regarding produce isn't how much carbon the plant can take in, but quantity/quality of nutrients the plant stores in the fruit. Other studies are supposedly showing that our current produce is lacking in nutritional value compared to several decades ago due to poor soil. The plant's ability to respirate isn't going to increase nutrient content of the soil it's drawing from.

Good luck, we sure need something like C4 forests I say

Never forget that life is about finding a way that works until it doesn’t anymore, not optimization. 75% efficiency is better than none at all, and as long as the plants reach the age to reproduce then the rest doesn’t matter. There could be - or have been - some benefit to what we now consider a defect. I’m not an expert on these things, just find them fun and interesting. Still, it seems like a few (not all, a few) experts begin to think they know more than what they’ve learned and studied, like they’ve gained an intuition on how things - should - be and that such things must be that way. We might know the ingredients, we might know the process, but we don’t know the subtleties and unique changes made that create the product we see before us. We see a finished product in a vacuum and, through a small amount of outside information, determine that things have worked out a certain way. We could very well be right. Just don’t forget we could also very well be wrong. I will finish watching this video. I have a horrible habit of trying to answer the title before I watch the video in its entirety.

@nicholashernandez4611

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you. You actually pointed out how the C3 design made sense throughout most of the past but is becoming less efficient now thanks to the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the change in temperature/humidity. C4 type plants and trees would be somewhat better suited to the expected future. Bringing forth larger produce yields or more nutritious tree crops would definitely get more funding into this research. If trees could grow faster or more sturdy for their collection in lumber mills or as furniture, then the research could find financing there as well. Tell someone with money that you have a way to multiply their investment into your research - and really sell it - and you can get your research funded. It would be wonderful to see places like Africa covered in a blanket of green across the equator. Nothing happens until money can be gained for that research and development, however. Good luck.

Can this be made with CRISPR?

It would be great to have some c4 trees

I've been wondering if there are ways to adapt our organisms to the planet we live in partnership with changing the climate back to a place with less greenhouse gasses in it