Here is some extra typed notes. AUDIBLE HEART SOUNDS: S4 - Ventricular fill due to atrial contraction pre systole S1, diastole, low frequency. S1 - AV valves closure (mitral and tricuspid valves). S2 - Semi lunar valves closure (aortic and pulmonic valves). S3 - Mitral valve opening, passive fill LV, diastole, low frequency. Note: In horses it can be normal to hear S3 and/or S4 - not to be confused with a murmur or pathological. TIMING OF HEART MURMURS: Systolic - with pulse (between S1 and S2) Diastolic - without pulse (after S2, before S1) You can practice palpating the pulse (facial artery) as you auscultate to help determine timing of a murmur.

@Dijn9

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Characterising Equine Heart Murmurs: Intensity e.g. how loud is the murmur? Use the grading system. Point of maximal intensity (PMI) e.g. base vs apex (3rd, 4th or 5th ICS)? Left vs right? Timing e.g. systolic vs diastolic? Grade system: 1/6 - Very soft, focal murmur only detected in a quiet area after extended auscultation. 2/6 - Soft, focal murmur that is readily audible (softer than S1 and S2). 3/6 - Moderately loud murmur with some radiation (similar intensity to S1 and S2). 4/6 - Very loud murmur that radiates widely (louder than S1 and S2). 5/6 - Very loud murmur with a palpable thrill. 6/6 - Very loud murmur with a thrill that is audible with the stethoscope off the chest wall.

Great Professor!

That's a really great and useful video thank you so much!

Thank you for this video, it helped a bunch!

THX for the video!!

Really Good prof