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Living organisms can use energy in several forms but all can be grouped under radiant energy and fixed energy (food).
 The sun is the main source of radiant energy. The radiant energy of sun is converted into chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis.
 The transfer of modified solar energy from producer through different trophic level in an ecosystem is called energy flow.
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Lindeman energy flow model:
 According to Lindeman, out of 118,872 gcal/cm2/year, only 111 gcal/cm2/year are trapped or stored by green plants, while the rest remains unutilized. Among the energy trapped by plants, 23 gcal/cm2/year is consumed in respiration, 3 gcal/cm2/year in decomposition and 70 gcal/cm2/year remains unutilized and only 15 gcal/cm2/year transferred to herbivores.
 Out of the 15 gcal/cm2/year energy transferred to herbivores, 4.5 gcal/cm2/year is consumed in respiration, 0.5 gcal/cm2/year in decomposition, and 7 gcal/cm2/year remains unutilized, leaving only 3 gcal/cm2/year to be transferred to carnivores.