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Edible Vaccine (Part 01) | What is Edible Vaccine | Concept of Edible Vaccine with Examples • Edible Vaccine (Part 0...
Edible : fit to be eaten, eatable- suitable or safe for eating
Vaccine: It is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. Vaccine consists of killed or live but attenuated (weakened) forms of the disease-causing microbes/its toxins(toxoids).
Edible vaccines: Edible vaccines are developed using the genetic engineering technology in which the appropriate genes (particular gene of interest) are introduced into the plants. This process is known as transformation. This genetically modified plant (transgenic plants) then produces the encoded protein which acts as a vaccine (gene are expressed in the plant tissues including the edible parts). The vaccine can be delivered by intake of the edible part of the genetically modified plant.
In short, Edible vaccine is nothing but transgenic plant that contain agents that trigger an immune response when we eat it. Initially they thought to be useful for preventing infectious diseases only, but they can also be used in prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control and cancer therapy etc.
Plants used for edible vaccines: Cereals (wheat, rice, corn), fruits (bananas) and vegetables (lettuce, potatoes, tomatoes), Carrot, Muskmelon, Soybean etc.
Examples: The first successful human trial for an edible vaccine was conducted in year 1997 in which volunteers were fed transgenic potatoes, which possessed the b-subunit of the E. coli heat-labile toxin, responsible for diarrhoea. But it has a major drawback that it needs to be eaten as raw because cooking causes denaturation of protein and makes it ineffective.
Advantages of Edible Vaccines. Cost-effective: Possible production of vaccines with low costs.
1. They can be mass-produced. Hence, they are economical.
2. Do not require separation and purification of vaccines from plant materials. By use of edible vaccines or veggie vaccines (vegetable vaccines), the problems associated with purification of vaccines can be totally avoided.
3. Easy to administer: These vaccines are easily administrable. They can be administered by eating the plant/part of the plant
4. Syringes and needles are also not required which reduces the incidence of various infections.
In the case of edible vaccine there is no need to pay attention on re-use, misuse and sterilization. Thus it has low risk of infection.
5. Little or less training is required for the administration of oral vaccines.
socio- culturally readily acceptable vaccines for their delivery systems., They can be administered by eating the plant/part of the plant. Hence, the processing and purification steps can be eliminated.
6. Easy to store: They can be stored at normal room temperature. Do not require cold temperature maintenance. means eliminating the need for refrigeration.
7. The process of transportation and distribution can be eliminated, if the local/native crop of a particular area is engineered to produce the vaccine.
8. Edible vaccine mainly stimulates mucosal immunity (immunity at the mucosal surfaces), body’s first line of defense.
9. Edible vaccines are safer, as they possess antigenic subunits only and are devoid of the pathogenic epitopes. They can induce both systemic and mucosal immunity.
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