CLINICAL FEATURES:
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Symptoms:
• Feelings of dryness, grittiness and burning that characteristically
worsen over the course of the day
• Stringy discharge, transient blurring of vision, redness and crusting of
the lids are also common
• Sensitivity to light, Difficulty with nighttime driving
• FB sensation
• Watery eyes, which is the body's response to the irritation of dry eyes
• Lack of emotional or reflex tearing is unusual
SIGNS OF DRY EYE:
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1. In Eyelid:
o Posterior (seborrhoeic) blepharitis with meibomian gland dysfunction
is often present.
2. Conjunctiva:
o Redness.
o Staining with fluorescein and rose Bengal
o Keratinization.
o Conjunctivochalasis: non-edematous excess fold in the conjunctiva
3. In Tear film:
o In the normal eye, as the tear film breaks down the mucin layer
becomes contaminated with lipid but is washed away.
o In the dry eye, the lipid-contaminated mucin accumulates in the tear
film as particles and debris that move with each blink .
o The marginal tear meniscus (strip): In the normal eye the meniscus is
0.2-0.4 mm in height, but in dry eye becomes thin or absent
4. In Cornea:
o Punctate epithelial erosions that stain well with fluorescein.
o Filaments consist of strands of mucus and debris such as shed
epithelial cells; they stain well with rose Bengal but less so with
fluorescein.
o Mucous plaques: occur in severe dry eye. They consist of semi-
transparent, white-to-grey, often slightly elevated lesions of varying
size.
INVESTIGATION:
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• The aim of investigation is to confirm and quantify a clinical diagnosis
of dry eye.
• The tests measure the following parameters:
- Stability of the tear film as related to its break-up time (BUT).
- Tear production (Schirmer, fluorescein clearance and tear
osmolarity).
- Ocular surface disease (corneal stains and impression cytology).
• There is no clinical test to confirm the diagnosis of evaporative dry eye
• Diagnosis is based on the presence of associated clinical findings.
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Binocular Subjective Refraction:
Part-1: • Binocular Subjective r...
Part-2: • Septum Method - Turvil...
Part -3: • Polarization Method - ...
Part -4: • Fogging Method - Binoc...
Part-5: • Steps of Binocular Sub...
Biometry:
Part-1: • Introduction Of Biomet...
Paet-2: • Biometry-2 | Measureme...
Part-3 • Biometry-3 | Measureme...
Optical Coherence Topography:
Full: • Optical Coherence Tomo...
Part-1: • Optical Coherence Tomo...
Part-2: • Optical Coherence Tomo...
Dry Eye:
Part-1: • Dry Eye - Introduction...
Part -2: • Dry Eye - Classificati...