DNA and Tautomeric Shifts

Why does adenine sometimes pair with cytosine? HOW could that happen? Well, sometimes nucleobases (bases) misbehave, which leads to a lot of confusion for students (and often a mutation in the complementary strand!) It's called tautomerization, and I'll break it all down PenguinProf style!
#biology #DNA #mutation #tautomerization
This video covers:
What are constitutional (structural) isomers? Examples, analogy.
What are tautomers? Examples, analogy.
What is a tautomeric shift?
What happens when nucleobases (bases) undergo a tautomeric shift?
What are the typical and atypical base pairings? With structures.
Next, I'll use a small strand of DNA and watch it go through 2 replications, transcription and translation after a tautomeric shift.
So is a tautomeric shift in and of itself a mutation? Why or why not?
Summary.
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Пікірлер: 137

  • @firestormjupiter
    @firestormjupiter4 жыл бұрын

    How does this video not have thousands of views within ten days

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    4 жыл бұрын

    I think that if I had more time to make content on a regular schedule and if I had time to be more active on social media, I would get more views... but I just don't. I make videos because I enjoy helping people and the feedback I get is more than enough. So thank YOU for watching!!!

  • @dilanmakahandawala
    @dilanmakahandawala4 ай бұрын

    I wish my Prof explained this as clearly and concisely as you did. This isn’t a deep hard-to-comprehend sort of concept if it is taught the right way. Thank you for this 🙏🏻💝

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    4 ай бұрын

    Glad it was helpful! Thanks so much for the kind words!!

  • @theekshithangavel840
    @theekshithangavel840 Жыл бұрын

    Can't emphasize enough how awesome the explanation was! Thank you! 😊

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    11 ай бұрын

    Thank you so much! I'm so glad it was helpful.

  • @lavendernyarambi1499
    @lavendernyarambi1499 Жыл бұрын

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  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much! Good luck!!

  • @jessicacampbell1821
    @jessicacampbell18218 ай бұрын

    This is SUCH a great explanation and so clear. Much appreciated, thanks!

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    8 ай бұрын

    Glad it was helpful!

  • @afnanahmed6833
    @afnanahmed68334 жыл бұрын

    Thanks a lot. Now I’m super clear about this concept. Your videos help me a-lot understanding concepts like this.

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    4 жыл бұрын

    I'm so glad to hear that! Thanks for watching!

  • @emadhaz3974
    @emadhaz39743 жыл бұрын

    You are amazing Prof. I wish my prof. have the same attitude and talented like you are! God bless you.

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Wow, thank you!! Thanks for watching!

  • @xxoBELIEBERSoxx
    @xxoBELIEBERSoxx2 жыл бұрын

    AMAZING explanation!

  • @tats2059
    @tats2059 Жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much for this wonderful video, it was very well-written and informative. I loved your enthusiasm 🎉

  • @Hello-jw4rk
    @Hello-jw4rk4 жыл бұрын

    Inspiring as always, thanks for this video.

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    4 жыл бұрын

    Glad you enjoyed it! Thanks for your support!

  • @rohinayameen6961
    @rohinayameen69613 жыл бұрын

    Perfectly explained, thankyou ❤

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    So glad it was helpful!

  • @dextrimgaming
    @dextrimgaming Жыл бұрын

    Oh My God, it now makes so much sense, 2 hrs of lectures and in 7 minutes u did the impossible Thank u so much

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    11 ай бұрын

    Wow, thanks so much! I'm glad it was helpful.

  • @luabastos1493
    @luabastos1493 Жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much! It helped me a lot

  • @user-zb3ot5vs8c
    @user-zb3ot5vs8c Жыл бұрын

    never understood this until you explained it thank you so much you for making learning fun.

  • @nibirrahman2332
    @nibirrahman2332 Жыл бұрын

    Now this is totally clear!!

  • @aminamejri1234
    @aminamejri12342 жыл бұрын

    super clean! thanks a lot :))

  • @evilsight26
    @evilsight26 Жыл бұрын

    the infos are put so easy j, amazing videos😁😁 thank you A LOT!!!

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    Жыл бұрын

    You're very welcome!

  • @dianaas9540
    @dianaas9540 Жыл бұрын

    nicely explained thanks!

  • @mervatawad6818
    @mervatawad6818 Жыл бұрын

    Excellent I can not how to thank you for beautiful and simple illustration

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    Жыл бұрын

    You are welcome 😊

  • @prashantpathak6589
    @prashantpathak65892 жыл бұрын

    I found this video and its amazing , beautiful explanation. 1 more subscriber added.

  • @akjubian
    @akjubian Жыл бұрын

    Best explanation ever 💙💚💛❤️

  • @maggiereasor1651
    @maggiereasor1651 Жыл бұрын

    This makes so much sense now. Thank you!

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    Жыл бұрын

    Woo hoo!!!

  • @bt11jigma45
    @bt11jigma453 жыл бұрын

    This was really helpful. Thank you ❤❤

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Glad it was helpful! Thanks for watching!

  • @beautydutta2034
    @beautydutta20343 жыл бұрын

    That's the one which I was finding for half an hour nd now I understood.. thanks a lot ❤️

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    So glad to hear it!

  • @godfreychisanga7677
    @godfreychisanga76772 жыл бұрын

    This was perfectly explained

  • @mohammedabd6696
    @mohammedabd66963 жыл бұрын

    Very exciting and helpful

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Glad it was helpful! Thanks for watching!

  • @user-wv5im2oy3q
    @user-wv5im2oy3q3 жыл бұрын

    I loved your explaining♥️

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Thanks for watching!

  • @marwam4771
    @marwam4771 Жыл бұрын

    I'm an MSc student from Egypt. and I wanna say thank you so much❤ that was really helpful.

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    Жыл бұрын

    Glad it was helpful!

  • @riyadas5718
    @riyadas57183 жыл бұрын

    This is a masterpiece...you just boon my mind...👍

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Thank you SO much!!!

  • @chiahsuantsauo8375
    @chiahsuantsauo83752 жыл бұрын

    Good stuff thanks

  • @chirazbouzouani5340
    @chirazbouzouani53402 жыл бұрын

    This is thé Best explanation ever, thank you so much ❤

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    2 жыл бұрын

    You're very welcome!

  • @gemmataggart7100
    @gemmataggart71003 жыл бұрын

    Thank you for your video! I understand this so much better now :D

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    I'm so glad! Thanks for watching!

  • @denevievedoeses244
    @denevievedoeses2443 жыл бұрын

    Thank you, this is super helpful.

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    I'm so glad! Thanks for watching!

  • @richardstevens8479
    @richardstevens84792 жыл бұрын

    Brilliantly put. Something that totally confused me now only slightly confuses me: Another couple of viewings and I'll finally get it!

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    2 жыл бұрын

    So happy to hear it! It's not easy, that's for sure.

  • @user-jz2nx6xt3t
    @user-jz2nx6xt3t4 жыл бұрын

    Amazing!! Thank you so much

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    4 жыл бұрын

    You're so welcome! Thank you for watching!

  • @user-os2zv8vr7b
    @user-os2zv8vr7b3 жыл бұрын

    Wonderful explanation

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Glad it was helpful!

  • @BeiRoYi
    @BeiRoYi3 жыл бұрын

    Amazing video! Thanks

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    You are most welcome - glad you found it helpful!

  • @user-sw6bx5tg5h
    @user-sw6bx5tg5h10 ай бұрын

    You are amazing ..... Thank you for this licture

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    10 ай бұрын

    Thanks for watching! So glad it was helpful.

  • @ozgedly
    @ozgedly2 жыл бұрын

    thank you so much! really helpful

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    2 жыл бұрын

    You are most welcome!

  • @kayesong5987
    @kayesong59873 жыл бұрын

    thank you for this video!

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    You're so welcome!

  • @markmarkson3047
    @markmarkson30473 жыл бұрын

    Very helpful. Thank you

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Glad it was helpful!

  • @vikulmalik1839
    @vikulmalik18393 жыл бұрын

    Thank u Thank u so much . It was very helpful.

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Most welcome!

  • @julietayucra2978
    @julietayucra29783 жыл бұрын

    al fin entendí , gracias porque no tiene mas vistas , es un video grandioso

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    ¡Gracias por hacérmelo saber!

  • @noVa-oq4pe
    @noVa-oq4pe22 күн бұрын

    Thanks! It was a great help

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    12 күн бұрын

    Glad it helped!

  • @aishakhan959
    @aishakhan9592 ай бұрын

    Best explanation

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    2 ай бұрын

    Thank you SO much!!!

  • @jonardanhazarika8096
    @jonardanhazarika80963 жыл бұрын

    thank you maam

  • @oliviapereira364
    @oliviapereira3643 жыл бұрын

    Love your class so much! Maybe instead of the Let-go brick toy another nice analogy would be a transformer? It does change from a car to a robot on its own, and it keeps doing it, so... not stable!

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Cool idea! Thank you - and thanks for watching!

  • @quran-2002HM
    @quran-2002HM2 жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much 💙💙💙

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    2 жыл бұрын

    You're welcome 😊

  • @rutujagiri243
    @rutujagiri2434 жыл бұрын

    And also on partial reversion mutation

  • @lonelygamerzwala4131
    @lonelygamerzwala4131 Жыл бұрын

    Thanks mam this topic is crystal clear. From your new subscriber.

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks so much!

  • @pchan2674
    @pchan26742 жыл бұрын

    thank you!! Great explanantion!! Lehninger mentioned tautomerization but didn't explain it.

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    2 жыл бұрын

    Glad it was helpful!

  • @MrBeer-cg5oi
    @MrBeer-cg5oi3 жыл бұрын

    Thanks a lot, this is amazing explanation, then the text in book hard to catch,

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Glad it was helpful!

  • @maryamtajeri4446
    @maryamtajeri44462 жыл бұрын

    Wow, thank you, I understood it like butter 😎

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    2 жыл бұрын

    Woo hoo!!!

  • @komalagarwal865
    @komalagarwal8653 жыл бұрын

    It cleared my dout, thanks

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Most welcome 😊

  • @ootb4119
    @ootb41192 жыл бұрын

    Thank you❤

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    2 жыл бұрын

    You're welcome 😊

  • @ashikiqbal785
    @ashikiqbal7853 жыл бұрын

    So good

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much!

  • @khadijah3343
    @khadijah33432 жыл бұрын

    Amazing vid. Just wanted to clarify the terminology used when saying: X to X change? What does that mean

  • @ARcher_98o2
    @ARcher_98o23 жыл бұрын

    that's the best explanation i've ever found. thanks a lot. ...but how often this occurs n are there any factors which influence their rate of occurance ?

  • @josephvu7775

    @josephvu7775

    Жыл бұрын

    Look into quantum tunneling. Just read that this happens hundreds of thousands of times at any given moment based on a recent study in Communications Physics

  • @shibli3613
    @shibli36132 ай бұрын

    Thanks penguin🥰

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    2 ай бұрын

    You are so welcome!!!

  • @rutujagiri243
    @rutujagiri2434 жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much well would you like to made video on intergenic suppressor mutation

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    4 жыл бұрын

    You are welcome. I make videos geared for general biology and human anatomy / physiology students... even this topic was beyond what my typical audience wants to see. Sorry!

  • @akshatsingha3193
    @akshatsingha31938 ай бұрын

    I was just wondering how Tautomeric shift can actually have an effect on final product as base will inevitably return to its original state But i wasn't able to think about the possibility of new base in daughter strand. Thank you for making it so easy

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    8 ай бұрын

    Woo hoo! So glad it was helpful!

  • @hazemyasser3249
    @hazemyasser32496 ай бұрын

    It is amazing

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    5 ай бұрын

    Thanks for watching!!! Glad it was helpful.

  • @qynda4441
    @qynda44412 ай бұрын

    Too good 🤩

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    Ай бұрын

    Thank you!!!

  • @nouranahmed3755
    @nouranahmed37552 жыл бұрын

    U are really awesome, I loved it ❤ ♥ 💖

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    2 жыл бұрын

    I'm so happy to hear that.

  • @subhamkarmakar3320
    @subhamkarmakar33203 жыл бұрын

    Subscribed✌

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Thank you!!!

  • @tazberry4110
    @tazberry4110 Жыл бұрын

    🙂 thanks you helped saved my grade

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    Жыл бұрын

    So happy to hear that!

  • @laurelmckenzie8582
    @laurelmckenzie85827 ай бұрын

    Question: in 6:26 you have A-C highlighted which is where u had the tautimeric shift on the A turn back to Amino A structure, but then in the next slide you have that it’s G-C. where did that come from? Did I miss something? Why did the A become a G?

  • @aryanashirazi6699
    @aryanashirazi6699 Жыл бұрын

    Hello thank you for your amazing video can you tell me the reason why would a mutation occur even if all repair mechanisms are functioning well

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    Жыл бұрын

    Things just happen. I'm not being snarky, that's the real answer. Nothing is perfect.

  • @mpakash2041
    @mpakash20412 жыл бұрын

    What if tautomeric adenine stays for longer time? or it doesn't reverts back?

  • @futureteacher7986
    @futureteacher79863 жыл бұрын

    Hello I have one doubt Can instead of a purine base( Adenine and guanine) a pyrimidine base( thymine and cytosine) undergo tautomeric shift in the starting?

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    Yes, they can. A shift in T will cause it to bind with G and a shift in C will cause it to bind with A.

  • @futureteacher7986

    @futureteacher7986

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@Penguinprof thanks a lot

  • @UserFourTwenty
    @UserFourTwenty3 жыл бұрын

    I have questions: 1. Can regular complementary base binding still occur with tautomeric bases ?(i.e. Will a regular T-base bind to A* base?) and 2. Can the A* revert back to a standard A base EDIT: re-wording

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    3 жыл бұрын

    1. No it won't. 2. Yes, it will revert back almost instantly.

  • @ziqili8113
    @ziqili81132 жыл бұрын

    saving my failing genetics. thanks.

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    2 жыл бұрын

    You are so welcome!

  • @vali4116
    @vali41168 ай бұрын

    cant believe it could be so easy, i feel like I was kept in dark for years

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    8 ай бұрын

    Ummm... that's a creative takeaway for sure!!!

  • @MACADO_23
    @MACADO_232 жыл бұрын

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    Жыл бұрын

    Love that!!!

  • @doaflip34
    @doaflip348 ай бұрын

    ALLAH RAZI OLSUN ABLAM.

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    8 ай бұрын

    Çok teşekkür ederim!

  • @admissionuniversity5753
    @admissionuniversity57534 жыл бұрын

    New

  • @Penguinprof

    @Penguinprof

    4 жыл бұрын

    Woo hoo!! 🐧