Congenital Heart Disease: Tetralogy of Fallot, Animation
(USMLE topics, cardiology) Tetralogy of Fallot: Pathology, Etiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.
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Voice by: Sue Stern.
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Tetralogy of Fallot, or TOF, is a CONGENITAL heart disease, classically known as a combination of FOUR defects that disrupt the normal blood flow in the heart.
In normal circulation, oxygen-poor blood from the body returns to the right side of the heart where it is pumped into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs. After being oxygenated, oxygen-RICH blood from the lungs returns to the left side of the heart to be pumped into the aorta and out to the body.
Infants born with TOF are presented with 4 major structural defects:
- NARROWING of the PULMONARY output
- Ventricular septal defect: an OPENING in the interventricular septum
- Displacement of the aorta: it now connects to both ventricles
and
- Hypertrophy of the right ventricle
The 4 defects, however, are likely the result of a SINGLE incident during embryonic development - the MAL-alignment of the upper part of the ventricular septum, known as the conal septum, with the rest of it. As the conal septum moves rightward and anteriorly, it creates an opening in the septum; blocks the right ventricular outflow tract; and pulls the aorta over the ventricular septum. Finally, because the output to the lungs is obstructed, the right ventricle develops thicker muscle to push harder, resulting in right ventricular hypertrophy.
The cause of TOF remains largely unknown but several genetic disorders and prenatal factors are thought to be associated with increased risks of this condition.
Connected ventricles in TOF allow blood to flow from one side to the other. The DIRECTION of this flow, however, depends on the DEGREE of pulmonary tract obstruction. When the obstruction is minimal, the flow is LEFT-to-RIGHT, because the LEFT ventricular pressure is usually HIGHER. While some of the already oxygenated blood leaks back to the lungs, most of it goes the usual route to the aorta, and the baby appears “pink” as normal. However, in the long-term, if too much blood flows to the lungs, patients may develop congestive heart failure.
On the other hand, when pulmonary stenosis is severe, blood in the right ventricle has to escape through the septal defect during ventricular contraction, and a RIGHT-to-LEFT shunt results. The MIXED blood, which is LOW in oxygen, is then pumped into the aorta and to the body, causing oxygen deprivation in body's tissues, or hypoxia. This may result in a BLUISH skin color, known as CYANOSIS. The greater the pulmonary obstruction, the more deoxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation, the more severe the symptoms.
Children with TOF may develop acute episodes of hypoxia, known as "tet spells", during activities that demand more oxygen. These episodes are characterized by: shortness of breath, increased cyanosis, loss of consciousness, and may result in hypoxic brain injury and death. Tet spell is a medical emergency but simple procedures such as squatting and the knee chest position, which increase systemic vascular resistance and therefore decrease right-to-left shunting, can help to temporarily relieve symptoms.
Diagnosis is by echocardiography and can be done prenatally. Treatment is usually by repair surgery within the first year of life. The surgery involves enlargement of the pulmonary tract and closure of the septal defect.
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This is by far the best explanation of Tetralogy of Fallot I've seen on YT
@lauram8404
2 жыл бұрын
Feeling ok. My pulmonary valve is leaking again 😩. Being watched again. But it will not hold me down. I live my life to the fullest.
@dentfortune7271
Жыл бұрын
I greed.
@niyatijakhete1965
Жыл бұрын
True.. indeed an awesome explanation!!
I am 51 years old, Born with ToF. My Dr's say I should not be here. 4 open heart surgeries later (all done by the amazing Dr. Singh (RI Hospital) I am so thankful for every day!!
@dragangrujaa
2 жыл бұрын
how you feel at 51 years old
@lauram8404
2 жыл бұрын
@@dragangrujaa I feel good, can't complain. My pulmonary valve is leaking again So I am being watched for #5. But I enjoy my life to the fullest!
@dragangrujaa
2 жыл бұрын
@@lauram8404 how can the lungs leak
@lauram8404
2 жыл бұрын
@@dragangrujaa it's a heart valve.
@dragangrujaa
2 жыл бұрын
@@lauram8404 so once you solve the operation it must last forever
This by far is the best video describing TOF. I've had 4 surgeries to repair mine and I now live a pretty normal adult life with little restrictions and continual monitoring with an adult congenital cardiologist.
@NimueLynn
Жыл бұрын
SLAYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY IM GOING FOR MY THIRD ON MONDAY LETS GOOOOO
@khamal.
Жыл бұрын
I’m so happy for you! I’m a TOF patient too
I am a Vet and this video was so helpeful for me. Thanks!
Best explanation about TOF! Thank you so much!
So amazing presentation 👍🏻
Alila always have the best visual explanation videos!
@mary-bv5ry
2 жыл бұрын
I know of a man who can help you Whatsapp him for help
You have explained it better than Fallot itself
@abdulrahmanmm4793
Жыл бұрын
😂😂
I'am 32y/o and I am a blue baby suffering for CHD since birth and this video best explanation so far ..
Wow. Your channel is amazing. Thank you.
This video is very helpful....thank you
thank you so much that was just amazing
Wonderful animation
Thanks for the very clear explanation about TOF. Can you also do one explaining TOF with PDA please? Thank youu!!
Absolutely amasing
I’m so grateful really thanks
Thank you so much!!!
Thank you 🙏🏽 it helps.
This was short & nice presentation
Excellent explanation thank u🌸🌸
Best explanation 👏🏼
Thank you Alila
@Alilamedicalmedia
Жыл бұрын
You are very welcome!
brilliant video
this video helped me to know more about congenatal heart disease, signs and symptoms as well as causes of this disease thanks Alila i have one year child with heart disease and i am in africa specially Ethiopia where there is no proper examination facilities. I took her to a medical examination after when we recognized that the child have a heart proplem, and now I get enough understanding of one of the tips on the exam paper. thanks again
@Alilamedicalmedia
3 жыл бұрын
Glad it was helpful! Best of luck with your child's treatment!
Thank you so much
Thanks a lot!
I’ve had three tetralogy of fellow surgeries in my life most recent was on the coronal artiery
Thank you alot
Alila medical is the best
Thank you soo much 🥰💕
Thank you 😊
very helpful. tahnks
very helpful
Thank you
Thanks dear
Thanks 🙏🏻
Thank you so much mam.....it's very helpful for me 🥰🥰🙏🙏
Awesome
Amazing
Science never ceases to amaze me.The more we understand the more hungry we get.
Nice video ..❤
Love you 😘 Alila medical medai Extraordinary 😍😘❤️💐✨🔥💥🥳
Plz....Make a video on Immune System
Best videos 🔥
Thanxxx😍
Uworld question squating increases svr reducing right to left shunt.
Can you please make some more
My ❤son 😢at 2 years old had open heart surgery ❤. Most heart ❤️ felt moment . Seeing them fly him out for surgery.
@jofordariata409
6 ай бұрын
What happen
@eachoneteachone922
6 ай бұрын
He had open heart ♥️ surgery at 2 years old. He had Tetrology of Fallot .
@jofordariata409
6 ай бұрын
Where the hospital was he had operated?
@eachoneteachone922
6 ай бұрын
@@jofordariata409 Children’s Heart Institute in Illinois
nice
i have tetralogy of fallot and i have surgery on the 28th of november this year and i'm very worried because it's in 2 weeks
Tnku
U r blessing :))
My friend has this and sometimes he has cramps in his heart and he has to band on his chest to stop it
This is the same thing happened to my kitten , poor boy , such an active and playful kitten but he’s struggling with his breathing. This is uncommonly happens to cat, less than 1% of their population . Pray for my kitten 🙏🏼 He is Survivor .
@nidafaruqui6395
2 жыл бұрын
May God bless your kitten good with good health! ❤️
Hello i want to know what happened to TOF without surgeries
@donmodi4437
5 ай бұрын
It’s have tet spell and suddenly have infective endocarditis and stroke !
Wow
I get more explanation about Tof
I am 7 month pregnant.doctor check 6th month scan.doctor said TOF my child.i was confused. Please help me doctor.
*Please help my brother he is heat befect* 😢😢😢
👍
I have this problem. still I have this problem. no good operation in Bangladesh for this case
@azizrahman8396
8 ай бұрын
Amar seleyr tof somossa or boyos ak apnr ki obostha
@MojoMan007
6 ай бұрын
OHSU in Oregon
I am studying in 7 th standard. My mother has heart disease . That is cyanotic congenital heart disease . We are very poor . What we can do . Please help my mother . What l can do for my mom . Please help
@Alilamedicalmedia
2 жыл бұрын
Your mother must be checked by a cardiologist, there is no way around it. Try to raise money online (Gofundme for example), but this needs to be handled by professionals, not random advices online. Good luck!
❤❤❤
Can anyone tell me if surgery in the first year of life can help the child live a normal life without problems?
@msemilyli
Жыл бұрын
I had my surgery at 6 and I'm living a full life. Regular monitoring and check up with cardiologist.
@Jess-wk5jo
Жыл бұрын
@@msemilyli Can people get pneumonia and lung infections and asthma with Tetralogy of Fallot
My daughter one of that TOF she's born july 27 2021😭😭 i feel shock & cry, then i ask myself why my daughter..😭
@mary-bv5ry
2 жыл бұрын
I know of a man who can help you Whatsapp him for help
Operations scars
Watch this movie also: Something the Lord Made
I'm at 1.37 40 then with this
See OPB : TWO OREGONIANS INVENT HEART VALVE
I was affected by this disease by birth and now this is operated... Alhamdulillah💫
@debashishtarafder1171
3 жыл бұрын
Til now have u any problems about it ?? My nephew that born a month ago ,,, has the problem So we are worry on it 😢😢
@projectflip6765
3 жыл бұрын
@@debashishtarafder1171 I’ve had it since birth. Had 3 surgeries as a baby and suffered a stroke due to complications. I’m 28 now and feel great. Have had almost no issues with it and have lived a relatively normal life to this point.
Awesome