Complement System Made Easy- Immunology- Classical Alternate & Lectin pathway
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The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen's plasma membrane. It is part of the innate immune system,[1] which is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime. It can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.
The complement system consists of a number of small proteins found in the blood, in general synthesized by the liver, and normally circulating as inactive precursors (pro-proteins). When stimulated by one of several triggers, proteases in the system cleave specific proteins to release cytokines and initiate an amplifying cascade of further cleavages. The end result of this complement activation or complement fixation cascade is stimulation of phagocytes to clear foreign and damaged material, proxy inflammation to attract additional phagocytes, and activation of the cell-killing membrane attack complex. Over 30 proteins and protein fragments make up the complement system, including serum proteins, serosal proteins, and cell membrane receptors. They account for about 10% of the globulin fraction of blood serum and can serve as opsonins.[citation needed]
Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the lectin pathway.
Most of the proteins and glycoproteins that constitute the complement system are synthesized by hepatocytes. But significant amounts are also produced by tissue macrophages, blood monocytes, and epithelial cells of the genitourinal tract and gastrointestinal tract. The three pathways of activation all generate homologous variants of the protease C3-convertase. The classical complement pathway typically requires antigen-antibody complexes (immune complexes) for activation (specific immune response), whereas the alternative pathway can be activated by C3 hydrolysis, foreign material, pathogens, or damaged cells. The mannose-binding lectin pathway can be activated by C3 hydrolysis or antigens without the presence of antibodies (non-specific immune response). In all three pathways, C3-convertase cleaves and activates component C3, creating C3a and C3b, and causes a cascade of further cleavage and activation events. C3b binds to the surface of pathogens, leading to greater internalization by phagocytic cells by opsonization.
In the alternative pathway, C3b binds to Factor B. Factor D releases Factor Ba from Factor B bound to C3b. The complex of C3b(2)Bb is a protease which cleaves C5 into C5b and C5a. C5 convertase is also formed by the Classical Pathway when C3b binds C4b and C2a. C5a is an important chemotactic protein, helping recruit inflammatory cells. C3a is the precursor of an important cytokine (adipokine) named ASP (although this is not universally accepted [6]) and is usually rapidly cleaved by carboxypeptidase B. Both C3a and C5a have anaphylatoxin activity, directly triggering degranulation of mast cells as well as increasing vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction.[6] C5b initiates the membrane attack pathway, which results in the membrane attack complex (MAC), consisting of C5b, C6, C7, C8, and polymeric C9.[7] MAC is the cytolytic endproduct of the complement cascade; it forms a transmembrane channel, which causes osmotic lysis of the target cell. Kupffer cells and other macrophage cell types help clear complement-coated pathogens. As part of the innate immune system, elements of the complement cascade can be found in species earlier than vertebrates; most recently in the protostome horseshoe crab species, putting the origins of the system back further than was previously thought.
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Who else is studying at 1am and just found this video. My life just got easier
@Exosfear13
3 жыл бұрын
not me
@kunalkumarbhoi324
2 жыл бұрын
Me
@tejaswinibharadwaj3795
2 жыл бұрын
Relatable af😂
@sarooshguru6377
2 жыл бұрын
Same here.. Exactly at 12:29 Am....
@saimahmed605
2 жыл бұрын
Exact at 1:02😂
You have just turned a 3 hour lecture into a 6 minute video and made it so easy. Thank you!
@niamhibs1138
3 жыл бұрын
@Mastercraft833 what?
@nilani_k
2 жыл бұрын
Literallyyy
to those who are confused. C14b2a is the same as C4b2a as cited in the books
you just converted my 2 hr lecture to a 7 minute video
@Bobkov97
4 жыл бұрын
2hr lecture convertase
@abodam2398
4 жыл бұрын
@@Bobkov97 lmaoo
@inconnu4432
4 жыл бұрын
Really 😂😂
@TheSkibroski
4 жыл бұрын
@@Bobkov97 HAHHHH
@Orthogeon
4 жыл бұрын
Only 2 hours of studying?? It took me a whole 2 days....
I can't believe I actually understand this now, thought I'd never get a clear explanation about this. Thank you!!!
@helloabdul785
Жыл бұрын
Same results even after 5 years... 💫...
Thank you very much for making this so simple to understand! You are able to get a lot of information in such a short video without losing any of the main points. Kudos!
That was excellent! I’ve been reading this microbiology text book for three days and you just simplified the material in minutes. Thank you so much!
@zeinabassam609
2 жыл бұрын
same!!
@ruqaiyatasneem8594
2 жыл бұрын
Same. M.sc microbiology student ... never ending
@genevievegroult9079
Жыл бұрын
Solid effort mate
@vebzp9573
6 ай бұрын
Same😰
@madhavranjan5542
4 ай бұрын
Msc me bhi 6mint ki video se kaam chl jata😮 @@ruqaiyatasneem8594
I swear, this vid just made my life easier. I like that it summarizes a bulk of information and yet is still accurate😩🙌🏾💥
The best overview of complement system..everything is beautifully discussed nd well summed up. Thank you.
You made these unbelivable names so much easier! Thank you so much!
This was a ton of help, thank you so much!
Thank you so much for briefly describing everything. i have to make a presentation for my immunology class and this video gives me a really concise overview of the process.
You taught me more in one video than my teacher in the last 3 weeks. Thank you SO much.
Never seen so many people complain about a free and informative video. Great explanation, thank you on behalf of the normal humans in the comment section
classical pathway is very well explained. thank you
I think now I'm ready for my virology and immunology exam on Monday♥️♥️
One of the best tutors. Made the complement system understandable and easy
The BEST explanation on the complement pathway. Thank you. I
Thank you so much the complementary system was made so clear in this video. In each text book I read it was hard to follow. This video made the info so easy to understand
No words .. THANK YOU VERY MUCH !!!
the most efficient 7 minutes in my entire academic studies! THANK YOU!!!!!
I was puzzled on this but you made it very simple Thankyou
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Thank you so much for simplifying this topic. It really helps a lot
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Thank you for providing the simplest analysis available
God bless your soul! The BEST video by far in this Topic among videos out there, Very well done!!!
Fully Conceptual in just 6 minutes...very useful.. thanks
I am so thankful I found this Video it saved me hours ad hours of studying into 6 minutes. Literally saved my life .
Incredible!! Such a clear explanation.
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This was beyond helpful, thank you!
This video helped me to understand complementary system easily. Thank you.
Thank you very much this has been immensely helpful.
Literally saved my life! Thank you
Had to put it on slow playback and watch it 3 times but this definitely helped turn a bunch of random letters and numbers into something that makes sense. thanks dude
made me understand this complement pathways in summary. easy to understand
Thank you so much for the clear explanation 🙌
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Life saver! Thank you for this!
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thank you a lot, what a helpful explanation video. i wish our Dr explains in this clear and simple form
Wow Finally I can understand this complement system very well Thank you so much
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Thank You So Much For This Video ❤❤
Thanks for easily explaining the complement system
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very useful and time saving
Seriously the best explanation..... Understood so well🙌🙏
Amazing!! You always clear my basics 😁 thank you
Explained in a way exactly why I could not remember it in the first place back in medical school
so nicely and briefly explained...thanks
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Mind blowing, within 6min, awesome.
This video makes it easy to understand the complement system. Thank you sir.
@MEDSimplified
7 жыл бұрын
+lcclhp i am glad you found it helpful
THANK YOU this was really helpful
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Thanks for the guidance
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Thankyou so much Mr.