This is, in my estimation, one of the best documentary series that has been produced about the 'Cold War'. The huge amount of footage, much rarely seen, makes it compelling viewing. The commentary is very well written, and read superbly by the actor Kenneth Branagh.

@thunderbird1921

2 жыл бұрын

What if I told you that British newsreels of virtually the entire Korean War, from the first shots to the ceasefire, survive and it's all here on KZread? While America's press ignored it, the Brits' media was apparently all over it. The videos have been up for a few years, but few know they exist (many have like 2,000 views or less IIRC).

@gordonyan4263

2 жыл бұрын

Check out Mark Felton Productions

@caydenl.4878

2 жыл бұрын

@@gordonyan4263 or i could just read wikipedia myself

@gordonyan4263

2 жыл бұрын

@@caydenl.4878 gl on reading thousands of words

@caydenl.4878

2 жыл бұрын

@@gordonyan4263 its either that or i listen to mark repeat every single sentence word for word

When half of the NK prisoners of war wanted to stay in enemy state by choice you just know why NK is the oldest joke in modern history

@balafama2120

4 жыл бұрын

a real communist utopia with kim il sung as their god

@TyranyFighterPatriot

3 жыл бұрын

Not anymore. Trump has showed them the light lol. Now Kim is filled with admiration 😂🤣

@borninvincible

Ай бұрын

That's US propaganda. It's mostly uneducated westerners that believe this.

@Barricade379

9 күн бұрын

@@TyranyFighterPatriot You and Trump are both idiots

This was a great video...The Korean War was just brutal...50 years after the Armistice I was patrolling in the DMZ as member of the JSA near the Sachon River Valley and kicked up a Canteen Cup...read USMC 1951...amazing...I feel for those guys who fought there...

I'm just here to see if someone posted the answers lol

@ShashankKS

4 жыл бұрын

∆∆∆

@AlexHenry-hh8yj

16 күн бұрын

Shush

Who’s here because their teacher made them watch this

@brookefeldman984

4 жыл бұрын

K I yes

@larrymcjones

4 жыл бұрын

K I from the comments I feel like I’m the only student who isn’t watching these for class I listen to these at night to fall asleep and because I love history lol

@thetreblerebel

4 жыл бұрын

History is written by the victors

@TyranyFighterPatriot

3 жыл бұрын

@@larrymcjones agreed. Our future is worth witnessing these chronicles.

@bigmanbeef2246

3 жыл бұрын

its the third time for me , he must have dementia

That footage of the Korean child screaming and flailing at the sight of their dead parent(s) is haunting. Fuck war... I hope somehow they survived and thrived.

@lemonaid8678

2 жыл бұрын

If they were from NK they probably died from starvation if they lasted any longer, they still have kids and adults dying from it to this day. They could feed the whole population of 25millionish with the cost of one of their rocket test…

@thunderbird1921

2 жыл бұрын

If you watch the documentary "This is Korea", the US Marines and other soldiers had a real problem as what to do with the multiple orphan kids they were picking up. In the end, some were taken to places like a nunnery (amazingly Korea actually had them even then), or to an island refuge away from the danger. The worst is that teenage boys would sometimes be forced by North Koreans to fight as slave soldiers. That whole war was horrifying.

Thanks for posting this series.

Thanks for uploadong these documentaries, I love' em ,can't get enough .

Macarthur was a madman who had to be stopped at all cost. Thank fuck truman was sane & told macarthur he needed to be rained in.

>Eisenhower was a military man >Implying Truman wasn't

@MrConstantine02

6 жыл бұрын

"Military man" in the sense that was actually in the military. Eisenhower was a 5-star general of the US Army before being President. Truman was never part of the actual military, he was always a civilian. I believe that's what she meant.

@finnishyank7413

6 жыл бұрын

Which shows how much she knew about Truman since he served in WW 1.

@mattaki

5 жыл бұрын

Truman was an officer and fought in WWI. Disrespectful.

@magtinfal7908

5 жыл бұрын

@@MrConstantine02 Truman was a colonel in WW1 dumbass

@tomstokoe5660

5 жыл бұрын

@@magtinfal7908 You learn something every day calm down mate.

44:00 his finger tho XD

I saw parts of the series when it first aired on CNN. It feels surreal to watch it again. As a child, the Iron Curtain, the Berlin Wall, the 38th Parallel were divisions that were there since I was born. The 38th Parallel is still in place. And now, in the year 2021, the old ideological conflicts seem to have returned.

@wplants9793

2 жыл бұрын

And even more in 2022

@theccpisaparasite8813

Жыл бұрын

The ideologies are different but totalitarian imperialism never changes. Ukraine and the South China Sea are the new Korea.

anyone here also for online classes or work ?

I can't help but notice that the North Korean uniforms never changed.

@jonnybravo3055

5 жыл бұрын

North korea didn't change.

@TOTALLYANDOMNESS

5 жыл бұрын

Probably because they can't afford to, lol

27:38 goodness those old cameras; just about blinded me and I'm not even there.

Who's here because they simply like history?

@greyowl7869

2 жыл бұрын

History is fascinating. Often' just when you think you have rationalized something, another body of evidence at least gives pause for second thought... Say what you want about me and my peculiar views, history beats the news these days anytime!!!🤠 Velox Versutus Vigilans

16:31 his way of describing it 😂😂

Thank you these are so useful for my A level history course you’ve earned yourself a subscriber

Bless those from the 16 nations that fought for the RoK's freedom. If you have a Samsung phone, thank them too!!

@rubygomez4644

2 жыл бұрын

cannot agree?? the US involvement firstly got Rhee elected, who was seriously unpopular and authoritarian. 2,000,000 civilians in North Korea died as a result of the US' completely brutal bombing. they US acted horrifically. how can you act like this was a victory?? the 38th parallel was the same at the start and end of the war???

The theme song of this series would be a fitting soundtrack of the Korean soldier that defected across the dmz recently

Anyone know which episode has information about the military-industrial complex during Eisenhower presidency

It wasn’t a retreat, it’s was a fighting withdrawal!

My great uncle was the Korean War in 1950

I served in Korea in 2010 to 2011. It's still a very serious situation over there. One day I hope they are unified as one free country.

@lemonaid8678

4 жыл бұрын

My granddad was there in 1950 with the 2nd infantry.

@jaredporter2228

4 жыл бұрын

I don't see that happening

@jaredporter2228

4 жыл бұрын

@@lemonaid8678 My grandfather fought in the Vietnam War he was killed by Agent Orange. He died after the war.

@lemonaid8678

4 жыл бұрын

jared porter sorry for your loss my friend what was an awful war. By the Vietnam war my grandad was with 1st Calvary.

@jaredporter2228

4 жыл бұрын

@@lemonaid8678 Thanks my Grandfathers name was Charles McCary he was a foot soldier.

Meanwhile my father was in the jungles of Malaya with 40 Commando Royal Marines, as my dad was a medic in the Royal Navy, he was there for 2 years. The Malayan emergency was another cold war effort to hold back the so called red peril from spreading as far south as Australia and New Zealand.

@theccpisaparasite8813

Жыл бұрын

It wasn't "so-called," it was definitive ideologic nightmare that had swallowed half of Europe and was expanding or seeking to expand everywhere, crushing any and all resistance. Tibet, Czechoslovakia, Korea, Malaysia, leaving 100's of millions behind as human wreckage, leaving appaling totalitarian dictatorships in their wake. China and Russia being very notable examples. There's no "so-called" about, that's exactly what it is.

@Dave-id6sj

Жыл бұрын

@@theccpisaparasite8813 these days I agree, back then I do not the CCP have evolved into the when Malaya was being contested the people my dad was opposed against were ill equipped rabble and had no chance of success, it would have been different if other countries had sent troops to support that rabble.

“spill your blood for the profiteering warmongers on Wall Street”

At 43:27, it was stated that 54,000 Americans did not go home. Implying they died in Korea. This was not the case. That was the world wide deployed military deaths. The official Pentagon figures for Americans who died in Korea are now set at: 33,651 battle deaths and 3,262 other deaths.

@Hamza60995

7 жыл бұрын

Hank Justice yeah pentagon. Haha. Since when pentagon started telling truth to the people?

@wayne487msc

7 жыл бұрын

Those are the reported figures from the many unit commanders as the soldiers perished. That number has not changed since the second Korean War. So, who got it wrong? The media and assumptive folks that never looked into the real data. Using the higher numbers is always presented in a more sensational light. Likewise, in the civil war, only about 230,00 soldiers died from actual combat wounds. Others died of disease, accidents and non-combat related incidents.

@28ebdh3udnav

6 жыл бұрын

Hank Justice This includes MIA and POWs.

Anymore documentarys on the korean war like this? But good ones like this

I lived in South Korea for 6 years. The war still echoes in the consciousness of the people.

Is it correct to say that when they refer to 'United Nations Forces', it is the same as what now would be called 'Coalition Forces'?

@felixphilippe7224

5 жыл бұрын

nope. 'coalition forces' (or the dystopic term "coalition of the willing") usually refers to the US-led force (from Britain, Australia, Poland, and some other countries) that invaded Iraq in 2003. the UN actually considered the invasion of Iraq illegal (which it was, as well as unfathomably stupid). the UN is a completely separate organisation.

@EllotusFreeholy

5 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much, now let me be a bit more specific ~ The U.N. didn't at any time have a military arm, with it's own troops, did it? So who, and from where, exactly made up the 'U.N. Force's'? Or would it just be a way of saying 'everyone on one particular side of a conflict'?

@reymiguelperez6643

5 жыл бұрын

@@EllotusFreeholy The United Nations Forces and United Nations command during the 1950-1953 Korean War were created through the approval from the majority of delegates on UN Security Council. Which is composed of every UN Representative of Permanent Member Nations like Russia, France, Great Britain, USA and other temporary assigned member nation (But Soviet Russia boycott it). The U.S. led Coalition forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq was a different story.

"Half a million Chinese died and Mao called it a great victory."

@Amoore-vv9wx

5 ай бұрын

It certainly was. Compare Chinese performance in this war to the boxer rebellion.

@Barricade379

9 күн бұрын

@@Amoore-vv9wx Victory or defeat don't bring back the dead

All of MacArthur's tactical brilliance added up to nothing without strategic vision and objectives.

@theccpisaparasite8813

Жыл бұрын

That lay with Truman who was a bit over-matched by the job.

38:40 kinda broke me

@stormshadow5283

Жыл бұрын

Americunt liberation for you

⭐⭐🌟⭐⭐ Chapters 📖🔖: 1:39 38th Parallel Line; USAMGIK vs. SCA; Syngman Rhee; Kim Il-sung; 4:09 North invades South June 1950 8:37 UNSC Resolution 82 & 83; SCAP Gen. Douglas MacArthur 14:09 Battle of Osan ⚔️ 14:56 Battle of Pusan; Battle of Incheon ⚔️ 18:29 South invades beyond 38th Parallel 19:28 Race to Yellow; 🇨🇳 Chinese intervention; People Volunteer Army 24:53 UN & US retreats 29:45 US-UN counter-offesive 33:40 Korean Armistice Agreement 🤝🏻; PoW issue 45:06 Korean Demilitarized Zone

I feel like this! If your the injured party, then you have 100 percent right to protect your civil rights, it should not go to the street, the world is awaiting its destiny for the virtue of right!

I’m here for my self 🥺

In the olden days kings and other leaders rode out with their forces and faced the same risks.

Who won the Korean war ??? Just compare the 2 nations today...

@irockuroll60

7 жыл бұрын

+Kim Chi think he meant compare North Korea and South Korea. The 2 countries that formed from the war and the wars name.

@francobobfred

6 жыл бұрын

Juan Martinez North Korea "won" .....get it? You know....their currency..... ok ok that was pretty bad -_-

@ls93780

6 жыл бұрын

Actually, technically the war isn't over, it's just been in a state of cease-fire, but technically the war is still active.

@fats2010

6 жыл бұрын

kinda getting the feeling that the Donald is gonna be resuming that war soon as well LUL

@eval_is_evil

6 жыл бұрын

Jonny Bravo hear hear , well said !

The South would have won much easier if they had Daewoo's back then.

Truman was right to fire MacArthur

My great grandfather fought in this war from the American side :).

@frankyu6857

3 жыл бұрын

最冷的冬天。

Ay yo Mr. Guillens' class where you at!

26:52, the journalists were suggesting to Truman to drop the A-bomb.

23:15 - what is it with a mindsets that all wars would end before 'Christmas'? Haven't they realized that exactly what it was proclaimed in WW1 and WW2? Very Jinxed

Was there any major tank battle during Korean War?

@otakunthevegan4206

6 жыл бұрын

Bill the Butcher Yes early in the war there were tank battles. Mid way through the war tanks were used as mobile artillery because of deadlock and many were even dug into the ground and entrenched. In fact the Canadian army deployed tanks in Korea and it was the last time that the Canadian army deployed tanks in battle until the afghan war 50+ years later. Besides we have all seen the episode of M*A*S*H where Frank Burns accidentally looses control of a tank right? Classic scene.

@otakunthevegan4206

5 жыл бұрын

@Big Lurch Aka Looney2 ECC Not really, some fields and places where they saw major use at the start. One veteran said they tried using world war 2 era bazooka's on north korean T-34 85's and they just bounced off. Tanks were used but like in Vietnam they played a smaller role and were over shadowed by the infantry.

Good video. Please add captions hehe

@sir.cartier.

Жыл бұрын

hehe

This series in general isn't too bad, but it definitely has a soft bias, which shows here. It is a pretty massive thing to overlook the fact that 'North' and 'South' Korea were split because two US military men arbitrarily set the 38th paralell to be the border of the US occupation zone. Every side considered this to be a "temporary" division. The level of Soviet Union involvement is also pretty overstated; they actually backed off supplying the DPRK for a while, instead saying that DPRK should get Chinese approval and look to them for help if they got into a shitstorm. It seems like a soft form of bias that makes the story sound like North Korea had no right to "invade" the South. As though there weren't frequent border clashes all year running up to the war, as though the South was a legitimate nation-State and not a foreign occupation governed largely by the very same former colonial Japanese, and as though the 38 parallell was a long-term border and not a temporary boundary set by a foreign power. Those "People's Councils" mentioned at the start as being in "North Korea" were actually throughout Korea, but they were smashed in the South. It's a shame that a more detailed and nuanced history of this conflict doesn't exist in accessible documentary form. Blowback Podcast is probably the half-decent source on it. It is important because the tragedy of Korea in the 20th century (remember the South was governed by a brutal dicatorship as well) was the result of this USA imperialst arrogance. Who knows how different things could have been. It's annoying and sad because ideological convictions are so thoroughly intrenched on this topic now, that to say anything that could be misconstrued as "pro" North Korea makes you seem like a lunatic. 'Lying by omission' is an insidious, manipulative discursive tactic.

@natashasecrist4838

11 ай бұрын

Thank you. I love this series, but always have to remain critical of the attitutes shown towards western (and especially american) actions. The bias is definitely there. Still, I feel like as long as you‘re aware of that and remain critical, you can enjoy the series and make fair conclusions.

@thysonsacclaim

6 ай бұрын

@@natashasecrist4838Bollocks.

@thysonsacclaim

6 ай бұрын

Horseshit. The 38th parallel was established by the USSR and the US under a power sharing agreement similar to that of Berlin and the rest of Europe. You seem so keen to gloss over the fact that the USSR was also coming down from the North to occupy Korea and that they groomed Kim Il Song for power during WWII with the very intention of putting him in power after the war. As much as you try to put blame on one side, it was an ideological conflict over what form of governance Korea would have by *both* sides. There were no illusions about the USSR wanted: the expansion of the Soviet Union and Communism. The Allies basically traded half of Europe to the USSR because the USSR was going to invade and take it over anyway. That's the entire reason Stalin originally allied with Hitler. "Buffer states" and the expansion of Communism. The USSR's stated goal at that time was for international revolution and replacement with Communist governance. People today seem to think this was not a real intent, but you can read the newspapers and watch the Soviet newsreels yourself. The song isn't called "The Internationale" for funsies; "comintern" means "Communist International." You have also completely overlooked all of the Russian documents released after the break up of the USSR which prove that Stalin encouraged the invasion and gave the green light to Kim. Most of those documents were moved back in to secrecy by Putin, so that no reckoning of the past could occur. The problem was that Stalin didn't expect the US or the UN to respond because he was always consumed with the idea that he was a mastermind puppet-master. He was pretty good, but not infallible. A trusteeship was to be established to handover. Negotiations between the US and USSR failed, in part because the US knew the USSR was likely to push for more control, so the US itself pushed back. Just look at the fight over Berlin and Operation Vittles, the so-called Berlin Airlift. There is a great deal of re-imagining of history by young people today who seem to believe "The Red Scare" was all baloney. Some of it was. Quite a lot of it was not, and we can see that today with Russia's imperialist aspirations in Ukraine.

how does this not have captions ;[

Wow I didn't know Harrison Ford was a Korean War veteran

How do eyewitnesses describe the South Korean president, Syngman Rhee?

40:38 Truman was an artillery officer in WWI.

The war will always be over by Christmas. But by which Christmas?

30:30 those are not mig-15's those are la-15's

People from 2020 to Truman: You have made a grave mistake. Mcarthur was right.

@xdeser2949

2 жыл бұрын

Fuck no, if he had followed macarthurs lead tens of millions of civilians would have been nuked and that's utterly insane. Literally a holocaust

43:58 the chinese representative seems like he's describing his school bullying history

It's so nice to be an American and on the right side of history.

@felixphilippe7224

5 жыл бұрын

are you kidding? i genuinely can't tell.

@ThatRandomBeast

5 жыл бұрын

America's conscience is very far from clear. Right side of history yes, but you (and all of us) cannot really take the moral high ground. Just look at the current situation in the world.

@unseenhobo2664

4 жыл бұрын

lol

Does anyone here know the music played in 2:36?

@oliverdyer5357

5 жыл бұрын

“Glory glory hallelujah”

@rrcrossing5690

4 жыл бұрын

The Battle Hymn of The Republic

Millions civilian died but weirdly no American/Soviet/Korean (South or North)/Chinese war criminal?

@aamirrzargar

7 жыл бұрын

It's pretty much clear that if Stalin would have refused Kim his assistance in the war , it wouldn't have started in the first place or even if it somehow did, it would have been suppressed without so much destruction.

@KRAKENNCHANNEL

7 жыл бұрын

There would only be war criminals if the other is side is annihilated like Germany and Japan in World War 2. But the war never really ended. It has only agreed to ceasefire through the Armistice, So the Korean War is still going on, just on a ceasefire mode

@TheDetass

6 жыл бұрын

The UN didn't really try people for war crimes back then. Germany were the first and only because the allies had subdued the country and captured all leaders. In the Korea conflict there was no real victor, and no leaders were captured. Plus the US army had different rules of engagement. They could loot and destroy pretty much anything they wanted to. Most officers turned a blind eye cuz they needed their troops loyal and positive. There were also no human rights groups to investigate conflicts. Just how it was back then

@mattaki

5 жыл бұрын

The North Korean army killed doctors, nurses and people in their beds in hospitals in Seoul in cold blood.

where’s the backstory on Rhee? He hadn’t lived Korea in decades, was handpicked by Americans, and nearly 75 years’ old. Actually the same playbook they later used in Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq....

boom, explosions, amirite?

kim yong sun looks like kim jong un (sorry if wrong spelling)

@CharliePlaysUK

8 жыл бұрын

+John Chua kim yong sun? And they're all related

@finnishyank7413

6 жыл бұрын

Kim Jong-Il (Grandfather) and Kim Jong-Un (Grandson) do have a resemblance. It is one of the reasons he was picked to succeed Kim Il-Sung. It would remind the NK's of his grandfather who they still love and adore to this day.

@jonchaney

5 жыл бұрын

McCarther had a stinky butt. Sources say.

30:35 those aint Mig-15s.....Mig wings r not on top....they r mid belly....

@jameschristoffersen238

3 жыл бұрын

Correct. I think they are Lavochkin La-15s

26:40 Oh bullshit, Truman. It's not like Korea was gonna invade Kansas the next day.

@withnail-and-i

6 жыл бұрын

Harry "Bullshit" Truman

I meant to say started the war, not the ear. A misprint, sorry.

M.A.S.H

It's good to look back.

@sir.cartier.

Жыл бұрын

ur whack man

Indian aArmy Medical core also take part in UN in Korean war

Want to know how communism fairs versus capitalism? View Korea at night from Google Earth.

@sir.cartier.

Жыл бұрын

no

GO JOE!

Kim il-Sung was handsome? Oh boy

37:10 HALF the Communist prisoners chose to stay in the country of their capture rather than go back to Communism! That really says something about Communism.

44:56 45:02 no truer statement hath ever been spoken.

Why is world history flagged as age-restricted? I guess they must be worried about kids accidently educating themselves or something. Thanks for ruining playlists, KZread.

Who's here from Mr. Chase's history class? #EasternSHS

Lucius Battle died in 2008.

Goddamn Kim jong un looks a lot like his grandfather

@Barricade379

9 күн бұрын

Jung Un is fatter

The American soldiers talking about 25 below zero temperature where nothing worked....Thats what the Soviets went through just a few years before Korea and they kicked the Nazis back to Germany fighting in sub zero temperatures across the steppes of Russia into Eastern Europe.

Who do you think was the most victorious in the war?

@joshuacondell1686

4 жыл бұрын

China

Wow china death is 7 000 while the lower state (Philippines) 129

Westerns wanted to trade south korea into eastern germany :D. But i said no, I like starcraft too much to do it :).

What a mess.

BOTH sides committed horrible atrocities.Millions of Innocent, no combatants civilians killed on BOTH sides. First war "we" didn't win. Vietnam first war "we" lost.

Fuck with the bull, get the horn.

paper

The whole war could have been avoided, in my opinion. If FDR had met with Mao, who at the time, agreed to stop the civil war and throw out the Japanese invaders. Had FDR supported Mao instead of Chiang, who wanted to fight Mao instead of the Japanese. I doubt Stalin would have allowed a North Korean attack without Chinese support. I'm just sayin.

@CharliePlaysUK

8 жыл бұрын

+David Krater You are looking at it from after it all happened, it is easy for you to think of this but it wasn't so easy in the heat of the moment

@davidkrater7946

8 жыл бұрын

CharliePlays Yes I know, just saying things could have gone much differently if the beginning situation was slightly different.

@Sauron930

8 жыл бұрын

+David Krater Mao was an opportunist... Right after Stalin died Mao knew he could play around with Khrushchev and basically burned Soviet-Chinese relations to the ground in order to proclaim China as the communist power in Asia. There is no way in hell Mao would have kept his word to the ideological and political enemy America. FDR was quite naive when it came to Stalin but I'm sure he realized that the Nationalists were a better choice even if they were doomed to fail.

@davidkrater7946

8 жыл бұрын

Beorge W. Gush Given how things turned out, I guess we'll never know for sure.

@JamesDeBall

3 жыл бұрын

FDR wasn’t right about much.

gully fowa

I hope my uncle Freddie Huffman, Rockbridge Co., Virginia is among the KIA unidentified returned from North Korea. It would be a lovely thing to return him to his people and his Virginia home. We all pray more missing men and women are reunited with their families in the days to come. Bless the lawmakers who specified a repatriation proviso when they had the meetings. Party horse manure be damned; just get them out of Korea. Regards, Cork

WOW

we will be for short and we'll go back home...Ha ha ha ha, humans never learn. Exactly what europeans said in 1914 and the hell and the carnage lasted for 4 years and spawned WWII, which consequences are not at all solved.

Edwin Simmons died in 2007.

After 70 years finnaly 2018 the war is ended

@Barricade379

11 ай бұрын

No. Still going, officially. There is no peace treaty signed to this day

The cold war finally turned hot.

Was a war against aggression , not Communism !

@kianpilu8175

8 жыл бұрын

It was a war against communism ffs

@Barricade379

11 ай бұрын

Communist aggression

MacArthur could have totally crushed Korea and China

@Amoore-vv9wx

5 ай бұрын

MacArthur got his behind handed to him by the Chinese.

Who has the answers?

@mialast6306

3 жыл бұрын

why does no one have the answers lol, this is due for 9am tomoz and im screwed

@AndroFeth

3 жыл бұрын

@@mialast6306 I have the answers from last year I think. Do you have Telegram? In the videos of my description are my social media. I'll send them to you

@mialast6306

3 жыл бұрын

Andro Feth yh i have telegram and omg yh that would be amazing, gracias

@AndroFeth

3 жыл бұрын

@@mialast6306 @Zinbigote. Text me :)

Who else from ht

@elderhakabong2678

4 жыл бұрын

yo

Charles Bussey died in 2003.

Shi Zhe died in 1998.

Why they feared so much from Russia 😂😂😂

@etiansaker1190

3 жыл бұрын

Same reasons Russia feared the USA the A bomb!

WW3