Calculus SPEEDRUN (U-Sub)!!

Ойын-сауық

How To Perform A U-Substitution In 60 Seconds!! #Math #Calculus #Integration #College #NicholasGKK #Shorts

Пікірлер: 242

  • @wolfiegames1572
    @wolfiegames1572 Жыл бұрын

    Nah, true chads make it the integral of x^2 + 4x + 4 to get x^3/3 + 2x^2 + 4x + C

  • @k_wl

    @k_wl

    Жыл бұрын

    fact

  • @m.guypirate6900

    @m.guypirate6900

    Жыл бұрын

    now do that for (x+2)^20

  • @saturapt3229

    @saturapt3229

    Жыл бұрын

    @@m.guypirate6900 same stuff u gotta calculate in the end anyway

  • @violintegral

    @violintegral

    Жыл бұрын

    @@saturapt3229 no it isn't lol

  • @gabrielfoos9393

    @gabrielfoos9393

    Жыл бұрын

    Just use Pascal’s triangle lmao but good luck finding the coefficients

  • @jorgegarza4172
    @jorgegarza4172 Жыл бұрын

    Calculus is like a Minecraft tutorial it starts off nice, and then the problem immediately starts using 335.67 different letters

  • @CosmicConvict1

    @CosmicConvict1

    7 ай бұрын

    Exactly, I was like, Ok, Ok, yeah that makes sense ... WHAT THE F***

  • @damontayy1272

    @damontayy1272

    7 ай бұрын

    that's because you're focusing on how the teacher solves a problem and not focusing on the formula. When you familiarize the formula, all you have to do is substitute variables and simplify it with basic algebra. The biggest problem is if you take a calculus course without mastery in algebra.

  • @jorgegarza4172

    @jorgegarza4172

    7 ай бұрын

    @@damontayy1272 Calculus has so many formulas, memorizing them isn’t gonna help, you need to physically imbed the fundamental concepts into your mind to familiarize the other concepts

  • @damontayy1272

    @damontayy1272

    7 ай бұрын

    @@jorgegarza4172 I know. But guess what, you have to do hard shit to be able to amount to something. Your professor won't change the syllabus, you have to comply or shift to culinary school.

  • @VIKTORSCHAUBERGERscammersONyt

    @VIKTORSCHAUBERGERscammersONyt

    5 ай бұрын

    That is a common fallacy and the way it is taught. It is a failure as John Gabriel has shown clearly on his New Calculus channel. This is amazingly simple process and so much saving. This channel shouldd give up their name because he provides nothing but fast answers while New Calc channel does this with the process and the answers come simply. @@jorgegarza4172

  • @SebastianRodriguez-rk4vx
    @SebastianRodriguez-rk4vx4 ай бұрын

    This is a simpler problem that doesn’t require substitution, but does a good job explaining the overall concept

  • @SuperStudiousman

    @SuperStudiousman

    2 ай бұрын

    It took me 5 seconds to do it

  • @mc-qasim5182

    @mc-qasim5182

    Ай бұрын

    Took me just a flich​@@SuperStudiousman

  • @jtris01
    @jtris01 Жыл бұрын

    You don't even need u-sub. Its a linear function with coefficient of 1, so du will just equal dx.

  • @leo_1304

    @leo_1304

    7 ай бұрын

    i think the point was for it to be an easy application of U sub. to make it easier to understand for beginners

  • @jacobstarr9010

    @jacobstarr9010

    6 ай бұрын

    Yeah but u sub is easier in this case

  • @helphowdoinputusername3571

    @helphowdoinputusername3571

    5 ай бұрын

    That's a shortcut for u-sub that only works in special cases. So when you use that shortcut, you _are_ using u-sub. Just like how the method of evaluating rational limits at infinity is just a shortcut for L'Hopital's Rule that only works for certain types of rational/radical functions. But yes, you're right, you don't explicitly have to do the working for it, but this channel was made for beginners.

  • @VIKTORSCHAUBERGERscammersONyt

    @VIKTORSCHAUBERGERscammersONyt

    5 ай бұрын

    Exactly, That is a common fallacy and the way it is taught. It is a failure as John Gabriel has shown clearly on his New Calculus channel. This is amazingly simple process and so much saving. This channel shouldd give up their name because he provides nothing but fast answers while New Calc channel does this with the process and the answers come simply. No more unnecessary steps as part of a long and tedius process.

  • @Whyyoineedahendle

    @Whyyoineedahendle

    5 ай бұрын

    Yeah but when co efficient isn’t 1?

  • @DeadlyBlaze
    @DeadlyBlaze Жыл бұрын

    kid named reverse chain rule then divide by derivative:

  • @XanderAnimations

    @XanderAnimations

    9 ай бұрын

    derivative named kid:

  • @gabrielfoos9393
    @gabrielfoos9393 Жыл бұрын

    you don't even need to use substitution for such a simple problem like this, just know that for (x+a)^n, with a being a constant and n being a whole number(negative or positive integer, both work), by integrating you always get [(x+a)^n+1]/(n+1), it's just a simple derivative

  • @HeyKevinYT

    @HeyKevinYT

    Жыл бұрын

    i'm sorry but my inner calculus is screaming PLUS CEE

  • @angelofelisimolacruz1462

    @angelofelisimolacruz1462

    Жыл бұрын

    Correct. [(ax + b)⁽ⁿ ⁺ ¹⁾]′ = a(n + 1)(ax + b)ⁿ How would you answer the next question: ● Find the primitive function F(x) (i.e. F(x)= ∫f(x)dx) of f(x) = (ax + b)ⁿ (‼️whithout using the standard list of primitive functions.‼️) where x is in the Domain D ⊆ ℝ of f and n ∈ ℤ.

  • @asparkdeity8717

    @asparkdeity8717

    11 ай бұрын

    That is just because of the use of a U-Sub implicitly, this shows out the steps for that formula. Don’t remember a formula blindly without understanding it’s derivation

  • @mainsera4407

    @mainsera4407

    11 ай бұрын

    I’m pretty sure that’s already what U substitution is, it’s just giving a formulaic way of solving it.

  • @umm_mmm
    @umm_mmm6 ай бұрын

    Me watching this:-😵‍💫😵‍💫

  • @crazyabchackerakatechanima4098
    @crazyabchackerakatechanima4098 Жыл бұрын

    My maths teacher always used to tell me that if it's a linear function in x then integrate it as you would just f(x) then divide by coefficient of x

  • @Pankaw

    @Pankaw

    Жыл бұрын

    yup, because if ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + c then ∫ f(ax+b) dx {u=ax+b, du= a*dx, dx=du/a} = ∫ f(u) (du/a) = (1/a) ∫ f(u) du = F(u)/a + c = F(ax+b)/a + c

  • @yyyyyk
    @yyyyyk Жыл бұрын

    If this channel existed when I was preparing for my calculus exams 20 years ago, I think I would have gotten much better grades!... But KZread ITSELF wasn't launched until 2005, so KZread didn't exist at all when I was in university. Thanks for making me feel old. 😜 No, but seriously, thanks for these videos! You must be helping the next generation.

  • @thebluebeyond2329
    @thebluebeyond2329 Жыл бұрын

    Some people need long solutions and some don’t. This helped with integration of (a-x)^-2. Thank you.

  • @laschelimette
    @laschelimette Жыл бұрын

    Thank you very much, I was stuck on a problem like this today :D very good short!

  • @_hassannnnn

    @_hassannnnn

    Жыл бұрын

    Are you in high school?

  • @NataliesBalletFolklorico
    @NataliesBalletFolklorico Жыл бұрын

    Thank u 😭I've been trying to figure out the step after getting the u 😭

  • @andreasgschiel8111

    @andreasgschiel8111

    11 ай бұрын

    Me too

  • @Eduardo-tq5sk
    @Eduardo-tq5sk8 ай бұрын

    You are the good Physicist!

  • @MeAskWhy
    @MeAskWhy19 күн бұрын

    Everything on KZread calculus makes sense BUT when I get in class I’m dumb 😊

  • @PowerUpStudio_
    @PowerUpStudio_25 күн бұрын

    i found it before the video even started

  • @alejrandom6592
    @alejrandom659211 ай бұрын

    In general, integral of f(ax+b) = (1/a)*F(ax+b)

  • @anori3736
    @anori37365 ай бұрын

    Okay so this helped me A LOT. Coming back to school (2 yrs) after being sent across seas and been thrown into a calc 2 class… I remember some things but the really helped me out!!

  • @jakepanzer9643
    @jakepanzer96436 ай бұрын

    idk why i but i lowkey find u sub fun and interesting to learn

  • @Pugoey
    @Pugoey2 ай бұрын

    Thanks!!!!

  • @ticTHEhero
    @ticTHEhero8 ай бұрын

    Thank you

  • @felixnotkjellberg
    @felixnotkjellberg6 ай бұрын

    Now integrate √(x²+2x)

  • @-Accent_7

    @-Accent_7

    6 ай бұрын

    2/3 * 1/2x+2 *(x^2+2x)^3/2

  • @souravganguly7537
    @souravganguly7537 Жыл бұрын

    thanks bro

  • @karag4487
    @karag448710 ай бұрын

    Please make more of these

  • @jonnelpamaong4825
    @jonnelpamaong482510 ай бұрын

    You're the best rapping in math explaining congrats

  • @hydropage2855
    @hydropage2855 Жыл бұрын

    Not a speedrun at all. Just notice the derivative of that is 1, then treat (x + 2) as if it was what you’re integrating, and (1/3)(x + 2)^3. Should take you 1 or 2 seconds to solve

  • @juthyzaman2675
    @juthyzaman26752 ай бұрын

    Ok ok i subscribed. U earned it!❤

  • @suryamgangwal8315
    @suryamgangwal8315 Жыл бұрын

    I did a question like this in the same way coz my dumbass forgot there is a simpler rule for linear equation with exponents

  • @ccbgaming6994

    @ccbgaming6994

    Жыл бұрын

    Don’t memorize, think

  • @itk77
    @itk776 ай бұрын

    Why is bro making this simple problem so complex? 😂

  • @Ricardo_S
    @Ricardo_S Жыл бұрын

    Oh I just develop the square of the binomial and integrate every term, but your metod it's Very good, if it is something basic, it should be noted that I am just learning to derive/integrate, so I don't know a lot of

  • @Hadeshinai1
    @Hadeshinai18 ай бұрын

    Wait till trigo functions get involved

  • @LanhNguyen-ym5uf
    @LanhNguyen-ym5uf8 ай бұрын

    Using the second fundamental theorem of calculus is clearer , just find the derivative of (x+2) , which is 1 , then mould it properly. Then you get the answer

  • @Two_PlayZ
    @Two_PlayZ7 ай бұрын

    "first we need to find you" PLEASE DON'T FIND ME!! I HAVE A FAMILY!!!!

  • @cegexen8191
    @cegexen81913 ай бұрын

    just expand the x+2 to get the integral of x²+4x+4

  • @Gareth.
    @Gareth. Жыл бұрын

    Just use the reverse chain, substitution is not needed for problems like these

  • @angelofelisimolacruz1462

    @angelofelisimolacruz1462

    Жыл бұрын

    Question: Is the reverse chain implicitly the u-sub approach?

  • @ccbgaming6994

    @ccbgaming6994

    Жыл бұрын

    U-sub is the reverse chain lol

  • @awvz_1194
    @awvz_1194 Жыл бұрын

    The multiplying of both sides by dx caused me physical pain... smh

  • @leokraus8925

    @leokraus8925

    Жыл бұрын

    Why?

  • @nicholashung7871
    @nicholashung78714 ай бұрын

    “I don't integrate the question, l differentiate the options” ~Ме

  • @chrissystewart6268
    @chrissystewart6268 Жыл бұрын

    I never learned this in school this is my first time

  • @jacobstarr9010
    @jacobstarr90103 ай бұрын

    du=dx so u sub isn’t necessary so you get 1/3(x+2)^3 +C or just expand it like normal people.

  • @Facha115
    @Facha1152 ай бұрын

    n i c e

  • @marius4363
    @marius4363 Жыл бұрын

    or just write it as the derivate of ((x+2)^2)/2 so thats about it , u sub is used for problems that are so easy to use just directly

  • @timwunenraged901
    @timwunenraged901Ай бұрын

    yeah I'm taking AP Calc AB next year and It is wraps.

  • @kyrosavcic7382
    @kyrosavcic7382 Жыл бұрын

    Man just add one to the power and divide by the new added power man making it so hard

  • @ddhjcfesg456
    @ddhjcfesg456 Жыл бұрын

    dx = d(x+2)=dt Int (x+2)dx = (x+2)^2/2 + const

  • @HardstuckIronAlaynac
    @HardstuckIronAlaynacАй бұрын

    It’s tough for me figuring out what “u” is

  • @JakubS
    @JakubS Жыл бұрын

    Just use reverse chain rule, and you find out that you divide by 1 (because of the coefficient of x), so you simply have to use the reverse power rule.

  • @carultch

    @carultch

    5 ай бұрын

    That's what u-substitution is.

  • @user-cx7jz1ku6z
    @user-cx7jz1ku6z19 күн бұрын

    Math is so difficult nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai nai 😢

  • @Tatianapastel
    @Tatianapastel2 ай бұрын

    Day 1: Manifesting Desire Day 2:

  • @AyeMinKhant-gd3cj
    @AyeMinKhant-gd3cj7 ай бұрын

    For this specific method, we can just simply use antiderivative.

  • @jakesnake6122
    @jakesnake61222 ай бұрын

    There is no need for u sub. Make the 2 a then take that number flip it as if it was a fraction and multiply it to the front. Add c ofc.

  • @daleputnam8300
    @daleputnam8300 Жыл бұрын

    Sometimes U-sub is helpful sometimes it's superfluous.

  • @cloverisfan818
    @cloverisfan8189 ай бұрын

    Just expand the bracket and integrate lol

  • @marble17
    @marble17 Жыл бұрын

    i like u

  • @dwestria
    @dwestria Жыл бұрын

    I sub

  • @rhyscampbell8394
    @rhyscampbell8394 Жыл бұрын

    I did calculus and the moment this all made sense was when I realised theirs who du de dx bullshit was what was confusing me😂

  • @Deoxys_da2
    @Deoxys_da2 Жыл бұрын

    Like in chain rule in differentiation when you multiply the derivative Why not divide the derivative in integration in this problem

  • @gg-dm7te
    @gg-dm7te6 ай бұрын

    3) 2 (2x)dx = ∫ [ f(x)] 2 f ′(x)dx = 1 3 ∫ [ f(x)] 3 + c = 1 3 (x2 + 3) 3 + c

  • @hanskywalker1246
    @hanskywalker1246 Жыл бұрын

    Where does the two other dx in the du=dx come from?

  • @ldberriz
    @ldberriz5 ай бұрын

    No need for substitution.

  • @MKangu
    @MKangu5 ай бұрын

    t²dt = t³/3 = (x+2)³/3

  • @Tahseen..sheikh
    @Tahseen..sheikhАй бұрын

    Math was easy before meeting calculas😂

  • @flokixo5781
    @flokixo57819 ай бұрын

    holy crab

  • @kawanganyirenda452
    @kawanganyirenda4528 ай бұрын

    wow.. though there's a short way out to tackle it

  • @huseyinkagantoy5469
    @huseyinkagantoy5469 Жыл бұрын

    we still can't solve the integral of some basic mathematical functions For example, although we can calculate the result of the integral e^sin(x) dx numerically, we cannot express it symbolically. Mathematics is not a science, it is a language. #math #mathematics #integral #sinus #cosinus

  • @DirkdeZwijger
    @DirkdeZwijger8 ай бұрын

    Isn't this more useful when numerator is the derivative of the denominator?

  • @fahrenheit2101
    @fahrenheit2101 Жыл бұрын

    Plenty of alternatives. If you really wanted to waste your time, this can be done by parts.

  • @user-ei6rd7ei7x
    @user-ei6rd7ei7x3 ай бұрын

    Just (x+2)^3/3+C

  • @joesh8213
    @joesh821310 ай бұрын

    People will hate on me for this but i do not care. I never liked U sub and never will. I understand the concept and instead just solve the integral using the tabular table instead.

  • @shardon8607
    @shardon8607 Жыл бұрын

    how did I get here... what the fuck is an integral?

  • @deutschnacharabischemgeschmack
    @deutschnacharabischemgeschmack7 ай бұрын

    You didn't need the du/dx, you could directly go ahead and substitute the u for x+2 and still get the same answer at the end. You made it way more complicated than it qctually is dude.

  • @420sakura1

    @420sakura1

    6 ай бұрын

    My fellow idiot. You need to substitute dx with du. That's why he did ask the calculation.

  • @NapasimisOrdibarata
    @NapasimisOrdibarataАй бұрын

    (x+2)³/3 is right but not easy to calculate when x number

  • @supreemdahal4277
    @supreemdahal42774 ай бұрын

    (ax+b)^n has a formula use it

  • @Lemurai
    @Lemurai Жыл бұрын

    I forego the u sub and just perform the operation

  • @timeonly1401

    @timeonly1401

    Жыл бұрын

    Yes, but what if the integrand were (x+2)^137 ?. Or, worse still, if it were (x+2)^(3/5) ? Good luck raising (x+2) to the 137th power, or to some fractional power.... 😃😃 With u-sub, the problem is done exactly the same way: use power rule, then back-sub.

  • @timeonly1401
    @timeonly1401 Жыл бұрын

    What I tell my students:. U-sub is the Swiss army knife of integration techniques! 😃

  • @VIKTORSCHAUBERGERscammersONyt

    @VIKTORSCHAUBERGERscammersONyt

    5 ай бұрын

    This is because you were taught one way as you teach only one way. As if it were the only way. Sadly it's the only way you know and you provide so little worth to your students while you mimmic parrot as a career. Hero to no one.

  • @Samir-zb3xk
    @Samir-zb3xk9 ай бұрын

    If derivative of inner function is 1, no need to do u sub

  • @wooeidikd9412
    @wooeidikd94125 ай бұрын

    But you can just expand lol

  • @KUSHAANKOUL
    @KUSHAANKOUL18 күн бұрын

    linear inside so (x+2)^3/3 works no?

  • @079sivagiriv2
    @079sivagiriv27 ай бұрын

    In normal way, by expanding (x+2) ^2 and integrating we get : ((x^3) +(12x) +(6(x^2))) /3 But through substitution method : ((x^3) +8+12x+(6(x^2)) ) /3 An additional 8 is coming!!!!!! Iam so confused. Can anyone explain plz 😢!!

  • @jmrs_
    @jmrs_Ай бұрын

    It's genuinely easier to just do it as it is

  • @marklgarcia

    @marklgarcia

    Ай бұрын

    True, but this is a good demonstration of using substitution to solve the integral.

  • @Neoncoder
    @Neoncoder4 ай бұрын

    Can you please tell us this real world use

  • @justinjames2436
    @justinjames2436 Жыл бұрын

    U don’t need u sub just do it in ur head it’s easy

  • @htf79u8h
    @htf79u8h6 ай бұрын

    what is this pre calc

  • @syed3344
    @syed33449 ай бұрын

    just use the power rule bro

  • @Zephyr_197
    @Zephyr_1974 ай бұрын

    Just reverse chain rule?

  • @Math_Duo
    @Math_Duo9 күн бұрын

    What the fuck is that "C" in the last step??

  • @vaishalikarande3246
    @vaishalikarande32467 ай бұрын

    Can you pls explain where did U come from?

  • @420sakura1

    @420sakura1

    6 ай бұрын

    It's just a placeholder to make the calculation simpler.

  • @vaishalikarande3246

    @vaishalikarande3246

    6 ай бұрын

    @@420sakura1 Thank you! Ohh so it doesn’t have any value it’s just like a bracket? (Me don’t know anything me in 8th st.)

  • @420sakura1

    @420sakura1

    6 ай бұрын

    @@vaishalikarande3246 don't worry, you will learnt all these and more in 2-4 years. Remember the derivative and integrals by heart. It is essential in Univeruty regardless which stream you choose.

  • @swati7267

    @swati7267

    6 ай бұрын

    Thank you so much for your fast reply and tips 😊😊!!

  • @MRGamesStreamer
    @MRGamesStreamer11 ай бұрын

    Not possible this answer check differentiate the integrated answer

  • @muzammilahmad6111
    @muzammilahmad6111 Жыл бұрын

    Just use reverse chain rule it’s faster

  • @noahali-origamiandmore2050

    @noahali-origamiandmore2050

    Жыл бұрын

    I can't believe that I finally found someone who said this. I hate it so much when people use u-sub for such simple integrals like this one.

  • @durul-ny6ig

    @durul-ny6ig

    Жыл бұрын

    its the same

  • @Pankaw

    @Pankaw

    Жыл бұрын

    reverse chain rule is just the consequence of a u-sub that always works: if ∫ f(x) dx = F(x), then: ∫ f(ax+b) dx {u=ax+b, du= a*dx, dx=du/a} = ∫ f(u) (du/a) = (1/a) ∫ f(u) du = F(u)/a = F(ax+b)/a see

  • @ccbgaming6994

    @ccbgaming6994

    Жыл бұрын

    They are the same thing lol

  • @SAL404w
    @SAL404w7 ай бұрын

    U was completely unnecessary lol, this is just the power rule of anti derivatives

  • @PunmasterSTP
    @PunmasterSTP Жыл бұрын

    U-sub? More like “U deserve more subs!” 👍

  • @gamerfanletsplay9302

    @gamerfanletsplay9302

    Жыл бұрын

    So bad

  • @PunmasterSTP

    @PunmasterSTP

    Жыл бұрын

    @@gamerfanletsplay9302 Then my work here is done. But if you ever want to hear a pun on a particular topic, just let me know and LetsPlay!

  • @WomenCallYouMoid
    @WomenCallYouMoid4 ай бұрын

    S (x+2)² = S x² + 2² + 4x S [x²] + (S [2²] = 0) + S [4x] S [X²+2x] = X³/3 + 4 What did I do wrong?

  • @Zane_Ritchie
    @Zane_Ritchie Жыл бұрын

    Calculus seems so difficult, like what is this even for fr

  • @lanardrops6795

    @lanardrops6795

    Жыл бұрын

    Give it time once you get into more advanced math you will realize how everything connects

  • @nickronca1562

    @nickronca1562

    Жыл бұрын

    This is like one of the most basic integral questions, what are you talking about?

  • @Zane_Ritchie

    @Zane_Ritchie

    Жыл бұрын

    @@nickronca1562 I just don’t know, like what is it for

  • @nickronca1562

    @nickronca1562

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Zane_Ritchie Integrals are for finding the area under the curve of some arbitrary function f(x).

  • @rishabtirupathi9431

    @rishabtirupathi9431

    Жыл бұрын

    For example if you have the speed function of some object, you can get its distance

  • @harshkumar973
    @harshkumar9738 ай бұрын

    As a beginner ,why can’t we use the (a+b)^2 identity and then integrate each function separately?

  • @unexpectediteminbaggingare8074

    @unexpectediteminbaggingare8074

    8 ай бұрын

    correct, im puzzled why they have chosen this way

  • @redfalconsmdx

    @redfalconsmdx

    6 ай бұрын

    You can. Integral may have different forms of answers but if you were asked to find a limit. They would all be the same

  • @syed3344

    @syed3344

    5 ай бұрын

    U can,the answer will be the same But the susbtituing approach is simple

  • @Masownnnn
    @Masownnnn2 ай бұрын

    Why use a U substitution? its a simple derivative?

  • @coronaviruscommenter
    @coronaviruscommenter Жыл бұрын

    I'm in 8th grade but I was screaming saying just evaluate the integral as it is omg no need to use U Substitution for an equation like this

  • @olegchernysh8391
    @olegchernysh8391 Жыл бұрын

    What is a derivative

  • @OmarSalah17
    @OmarSalah175 ай бұрын

    why didn't you use ∫(ax+b)^n dx=[(ax+b)^n+1/(n+1).a] +c

  • @theodirisu8691
    @theodirisu8691 Жыл бұрын

    if this is how u americans be doing calculus, no wonder you guys find it so hard 💀

  • @karpholmes6942

    @karpholmes6942

    Жыл бұрын

    ?

  • @marohan

    @marohan

    Жыл бұрын

    That is why we are good at it more like it

  • @ccbgaming6994

    @ccbgaming6994

    Жыл бұрын

    Americans?

  • @lilibalazs2227
    @lilibalazs22275 ай бұрын

    Da hail?

  • @user-qo8fw2xi1g
    @user-qo8fw2xi1g2 ай бұрын

    Where did c come from please

  • @daviddaasian9685

    @daviddaasian9685

    Ай бұрын

    It's normally added at the end of an answer of an integral problem. One of the most fundamental rules of solving integral problems.

  • @dong2793
    @dong27939 ай бұрын

    wat

Келесі