The problem with aerodynamics and just fluids in general is they don’t scale linearly like distance or speed do.

@matthewferos

11 ай бұрын

I was about to say just this. You can’t really scale down speed like that when the laws of physics you’re relying on don’t apply at supersonic airflows.

@conorstewart2214

11 ай бұрын

@@matthewferos yeah, the best way I have heard it described is that even if you scale the model the fluid's atoms and molecules stay the same size. In a more mathematical way, a lot of the aerodynamic equations involve squares of velocity or similar and hence do not scale linearly, like the drag equation and can end up with scaled down models requiring a higher airspeed to accurately simulate the real model. Couple that with the scaling of surface areas and volumes and it complicates it even more. If you take a square and a half scale model of it the surface area decreases to a quarter. So the scaling of aero and fluid dynamics effects are very complicated. Just as an example with this the velocity is much lower and the surface area is much lower so the drag will be much lower. The only way to simulate a real train like this is to greatly increase the velocity.

@amrbayomi5330

11 ай бұрын

as well as friction. it's minimal, but it is still these forces increase exponentially with scale.

@dr.benjaminbird7631

11 ай бұрын

Particularly the speed of sound. The drag increases significantly in the transonic region

@teardowndan5364

11 ай бұрын

@@conorstewart2214 Technically, squares and arbitrary powers are still linear algebra and it should be possible to work out a satisfactory though not exact scaling formula. What definitely isn't linear is what happens with transitions from laminar airflow to turbulent airflow to supersonic airflow around the whole thing. You'd need a different formula for each laminar-turbulent-supersonic flow transition between small and full scale models.

Tape the sides of the tube with tape, make a vacuum inside, break one of the sides, and you have a real supersonic train, not a scale model supersonic one. As in a pingpong balls cannon.

@minty_lint

11 ай бұрын

This here, foil disks are easy to perforate and you'll make that train a missle.

@JMMC1005

11 ай бұрын

This is what I'd assumed he'd done from the thumbnail. Won't go nearly as fast as a ping pong cannon as they really rely on a very lightweight projectile, but it'll still go fast!

@narutobroken

11 ай бұрын

Was dissapointed he didnt do this

@eljaibas16

11 ай бұрын

Like the baseball ball cannon that Smarter Everyday made

@redha8867

11 ай бұрын

@@MrTaz0079got the link or title name for that video?

I think its not gravity that centers the train wheels. Its the different diameters. If its not centered, the bigger diameter travels more, than the smaller. Its like self steering.

@SK077

11 ай бұрын

Exactly, that triggered me as well

@St0RM33

11 ай бұрын

yeah it's because the wheels are conical so it self-centers, plus it doesn't need a differential to steer

@SuicideNeil

11 ай бұрын

Fans of BlondieHacks, assemble!

@theothertonydutch

11 ай бұрын

Railfans in general. As a kid I had a book about trains and railroads and it had a whole section about the conical shape of wheels. I can't have been the only one.@@SuicideNeil

@rjmunro

11 ай бұрын

​@@Zach476it has nothing to do with gravity or centripetal force, it's due to self steering because when the wheels are not centrally on the rails the come shape means the outside wheel has to travel faster, i.e. covering more distance, i.e. straightening the train.

You can't actually have a "scaled speed of sound" because aerodynamics works completely differently at transonic speeds, something you cannot simulate at a scale speed and it would definitely affect your top speed Adittionally I think there is a limit to how fast you will ever be able to achieve with an air pressure driven vehicle like this due to choked flow, essentially once your vehicle in the tube reaches mach 1 the air flowing into the end of the pipe will not be able to flow in any faster to fill the void behind your vehicle and will create a drag force that limits your top speed to around mach 1, no matter how high a vacuum you can draw at the other side of the vehicle. This effect will only happen at actual mach numbers though as again mach effects do not scale

@hoagy_ytfc

11 ай бұрын

This is done in wind tunnels by changing pressure, I think? So the scaled model is in an atmosphere that matches the Reynolds Number of real air? Something like that...

@clairecelestin8437

11 ай бұрын

Also the concept "scale speed" doesn't work because without changing the model at all, if I make a real train that's twice the size, my scale ratio goes from 40 to 1 all the way up to 80 to 1 for free, doubling my scale speed. The term is physically meaningless.

@martinshoosterman

11 ай бұрын

also at any rate making something small go 25km/h isnt really that impressive.

@professorfrog7181

11 ай бұрын

@@hoagy_ytfc Reynolds number is completely unrelated to the speed of sound, you're thinking of the Mach number. But you're partially right, you need to match both and to test transonic/supersonic scale models in wind tunnels you need to change both pressure and temperature in what are called cryogenic wind tunnels. Only the big names in aerospace can afford one.

@helicopterdriver

11 ай бұрын

If it's traveling in a vacuum then there are no aerodynamic forces at play other than friction of the air surrounding the vehicle and the tube, just pressures? If the aft section were under pressure the induced aerodynamic forces would be reduced? If both of those were balanced by vacuum and pressure what does aerodynamics influence other than the friction of the walls of the tube and the vehicle. I don't know, but had to ask. Airflow and pressure are different things.

I remember reading years ago that the ideal ratio of tube to vehicle diameter - for a hyperloop-style system - is 2:1 respectively, so the vehicle's maximum diameter is two thirds that of the inside of the tube. That'd probably improve things drastically from an efficiency standpoint (perhaps not speed though). Also, hyperloops don't tend to use the vacuum for propulsion; the lower air pressure is to minimise drag, whereas propulsion is provided by what is essentially a magnetic linear motor.

Awesome project! I'd love to see you build a circular track (with some kind of switch when the train passes the vacuum cleaner), and increase the carriage to ever greater speeds

@aurorajunior6328

11 ай бұрын

That’s called a partical accelerator lol

@Alfred-Neuman

11 ай бұрын

If you have a project like this and there's a problem with it, you need to find the problem first, then, after you found the problem it should be easier to fix it.

For future reference, you could try printing the rail ties (or other parts of projects) using white filament, which absorbs much less heat than dark colors like black. Awesome project!!!

@downumop

11 ай бұрын

Use PET-G or ABS not PLA. "Glass transition temperature" is the specification of the material you'll want to consider.

@helicopterdriver

11 ай бұрын

And design a clip in tie bar that sets the correct spacing of the rail supports after positioning. If designed properly it would also clamp the tube tighter as well.

@darmanskirata4167

11 ай бұрын

or he just inverts the clip...

love your videos! You inspired me to get in to DIY, and i really look up to you! Keep up the great work!

@Project-Air

11 ай бұрын

Keep building amazing things!

Cheers for pointing out that this is not a new idea (unlike _some_ people think)! Surprisingly good results in the end, at least for a small scale. Large-ish scale in the vineyard reminded me of how roller coasters are built, with the main large tube in the middle and smaller rail tubes on it. This construction would certainly make building corners easy since you could sort of 'wrap' the rails around the main tube to bank, or tilt, the train.

I love this project!

@zinheere

6 ай бұрын

I claim first in on this comment from the jet engine Tesla fan

That SolidWorks thing sounds cool!! Seriously first time I watched an ad on KZread and clicked the link. I used the full version back in the day as an engineer but moved to Inventor. Really wanted something like this for home use. Will check it out. :)

I think air passing the seals are a good thing as long as it's not too much. They reduce friction between the piston and the tube

@memejeff

10 ай бұрын

Ànd we are off to the comments, lets see what the "experts" think.

This was fascinating! You must have an awful lot of fun working on these projects!

If you just intend going in a straight line, use aluminium angle ( L ) instead of flat rails to prevent spreading ( the shape of real train rails reduces sideways buckling )

@CraigLandsberg-lk1ep

5 ай бұрын

Aluminium channel is WAY better, the width won't ever change😅

Awesome work, James! Really well done! 😃 Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊

I really love all your videos, they are great and I learned a lot from them 🥰

I would suggest that instead of metal rails on top, that you use the tube itself as a monorail. If the thruster tube was rectangular like a 2x3, and the train rides on the edge like a monorail, the tube itself would be the track. The wheel carriage would be an upside down U with one vertical wheel at the top and one horizontal on each side. I am wondering if the magnets were on the sides of the thruster, and raised a bit that might give the train a bit of vertical lift Or if you had wings on the train, the train could hydroplane above the track... To measure train speed, just use 2 electric eyes.. 1st one starts a counter and 2nd one stops the counter, and gives the result... a 3rd eye at the end of the track could apply the breaks....

Have you considered using felt seals for the piston? Just like those tube delivery things at drive-through banks?

This video is super awesome! I had no idea that there were actual vacuum train systems that had been built, but it definitely has me thinking of the Hyperloop concept in a new light.😊

loved the vid!! keep going on man! very cool projects. inspiring.

"Scale speed" is a strange concept. Scale momentum or scale kinetic energy might make slightly better comparisons, physically speaking, if they're scaled based on all the relevant factors. The use of a completely separate force generator (the vacuum cleaner) that can be independently scaled makes things harder to compare. Power efficiency goes completely out the window as a meaningful figure. Maybe scale acceleration (or force), scaled by the surface area of the piston (and maybe its mass) would be the most appropriate comparison.

Nice start. If you want faster speeds inside the tube check out vacuum canons. Have a valve at the start point pull down your vacuum open valve and hear the supersonic crack.

@UncleRayRayGarageEmporium

11 ай бұрын

A scaled up version of this is how they test impact dynamics. They use a frangible foil valve. When the vacuum/ pressure level gets high enough, the foil breaks and almost instantly allo3s air movement. Look up nasa experiment videos for that. Impressive energy release!

Amazing! Your videos are very fun and entertaining! Keep it up!

Awesome....I am sure you thought of this but a bracket between each rail at a set distance will resolve your rail bowing issues. I also think dampeners at each rail attachment to the tube and to the stands would also help. Like a rubber ring on a hose clamp.

@real_oz1347

11 ай бұрын

Bro, the vid was released 1 min ago

@Project-Air

11 ай бұрын

@@Fantommc00 Patreon early access!

I just cut my toe nails and i calculated that if the clipping was an airplan it would have broken the sound barrier, a true feat of engineering

@singularity844

11 ай бұрын

😂

@1971wizzard

11 ай бұрын

Feet of engineering 😂😂😂😂Feet

I look forward to your videos every month - well done.

One of these cameras might be a great addition to your jet-engined RC car - let you really see where it's going and steer it better. If range is high enough and latency low enough.

@gillanalafoginis6018

11 ай бұрын

Would you by chance know how to set one of those cameras up? The vid mentioned the drone cameras but how would one access the footage and connect it to a headset/phone?

@Alexand3ry

11 ай бұрын

@@gillanalafoginis6018, not personally, sorry

A potentially better way of measuring the speed would be to set up a few light gates with a microcontroller to measure the time between when they get triggered.

@kensmith5694

11 ай бұрын

Yes, or: 1) Use and oscilloscope to see trigger times. 2) Film it at a known frame rate and see how far it goes per frame. 3) Shine a strobe light on it at night and see how far per flash

@conorstewart2214

11 ай бұрын

@@kensmith5694 with the two camera based methods you have to then find the distance, using light gates is easier as you just need to measure the distance in between. You could use an oscilloscope but a microcontroller with a small display is more portable.

love your videos and the most special product have ever seen!!!

Creating some unique and interesting content. Thanks dude!

You could actually make it break the real speed of sound. Seal both ends of the tube with foil and create near perfect vaccum. The Pierce the end closets to the train causing air to rush in. In front of train their is no air to create resistance resulting in unrestricted acceleration. 😉

The use of something connected outside causes friction with the wind outside, or even the tire. Magnets or superconductors must be used

Great work! Cool project! Thanks!

Love the APT styling. I remember seeing the original when I was a boy. To demonstrate something really clever, incorporate some S&C.

As for the spacing of the rails - next time print the bridge between the two rails solid and have the opening at the bottom. This way you have the flex on the side you don't care about

Imagine the size and power of a full scale vacuum fan . Would be incredible

@eve-llblyat2576

6 ай бұрын

I know you can convert all numbers just by scalling them up. here he pulls some few 100grams weight with a 1200w vaccum cleaner. one car of a train weights 40t. You need 100 MW power for one train car. Thats means a middle scale nuclear powerstation for a whole train. Abd that for a few kilometers of track. The idear is so stupid, i could come straight from elon musk.

The part about how trains center the wheels on a track was really interesting! And great visuals as well 😍 Congrats on the speed as always!

@martindinner3621

11 ай бұрын

Interesting, but unfortunately wrong. Google it.

Super bravo ! it's a perfect demonstration of the principe

I didn't think "scale speed" was a thing, because time is constant and it's not scaling with the size/distance, no?

@benjaminmarks8765

7 ай бұрын

If ,for example, 1 foot is shrunk down to 1 inch, then it would only have to go 5280 inches per hour to go 1 scale mile per hour.

@chobyyy1

5 ай бұрын

@@benjaminmarks8765 except speed isnt based exactly on scale. speed of sound and a lot of other things dont go on a scale. if you made something 1mm wide and pushed it through the air with your hands, it still goes the speed you moved it with your hands, not scaling 1mm up to a car size.

This is the only fully working Hyperloop you'll ever see, lol. Nice job though.

Great video, I wonder if you would get faster speed if you added a positive pressure behind whilst having the vacuum at the front effectively pushing and pulling at the same time. In theory it should be more efficient transfering air from the front to the rear

Another awesome project\video! Thanks 🙂

This has probably already been brought up...but there's some concern about the aluminum railings interfering with crucial magnetic fields. No doubt this has all been worked out. Carry on.

@kiwishamoo6494

11 ай бұрын

due to the close magnetic coupling, there'll be very little flux interaction with the rails

@ryanjohnson3615

11 ай бұрын

The coupling is beside the point. It's the moving of the magnetic field next to the plate aluminum that would induce a flux drag. @@kiwishamoo6494

This just seems like a railgun created for children 🤣😭

Fun project. Honestly had forgotten about the whole Hyperloop concept and whatnot. Also perhaps consider printing your parts out of something other than PLA. Even PETG will do significantly better outdoors, or if you can build a toasty enclosure for your P1P just jump straight to ABS or ASA. Cheers!

Super cool, as always!

"Scale supersonic model" I dunno feels cheated. I expected you to shoot it at actual speeds not theoretic ones

@mOries0795

11 ай бұрын

Yeah same lol even my 1/10 scale rc car reaches well beyond scale supersonic

@13:57 1365 km/h ????. you should write "scale speed" because it is very misleading .your footage shows that you almost ran 6 meters into 2~3 seconds, that will put you at 3m/s which is 11km/h (as scale)... 11*48 =530 km/h for real train.

@qbefiluvzr2468

11 ай бұрын

Yes I'm confused too by these results, don't know how they get them.....

Was just thinking about your 3D printed parts that hold the rails in place. Have you considered placing a hole at the top, to receive a nut and bolt? you could then adjust for rail spacing and potentially avoid variations due to changes in heat.

Keep going don't stop there it looks good for future well done

Love your videos. I am slightly confused about one thing though. I drag race 1/10 RC cars that go down a 1/10 scale quarter mile (132 ft @ 80-100mph in about 1.4 -1.7 sec. (Measured using very accurate lighting / timing system) I was under the assumption speed doesn't scale very well.. just because the RC cars are one-tenth the size they are still going 80 to 100 mph. We don't say they are going 800 to 1,000 mph. I'm just curious what is the difference here?

@TheGigashadow

11 ай бұрын

Well you are absolutely correct, BUT if you jack the numbers up for no reason, it looks a lot better!

Great video, and congratulations on 400k subs 👏🫡

Elon Musk wishes he was this smart.

@oskark312

11 ай бұрын

Proto profile pic on the top :3

@Rumplestiltzchen

11 ай бұрын

Elon musk wishes he was smart, period

@DMalek

11 ай бұрын

​@@Rumplestiltzchenthat's why you comment on a video on a social media platform, while he owns one, right?

@Deadsphere

11 ай бұрын

@@DMalek Get a load of this guy

@pierreselenne6761

11 ай бұрын

Lol

Very cool! Keep up the great video content!

it looks like an very good idea keep it up!!

I have to say the idea of a scale speed is kinda crap. You may want to elaborate on the concept because of how much surface area and wind resistance plays a role a scale speed makes zero sense. Just doing the same speed at a smaller scale is already way easier.

Another great job! Always a lot of fun!

Theres no such thing as the speed of sound at scale.. Sound doesnt go "slower" at scale so thats just... what?

Love the vids man!

love the video, in the technical university of delft (my home town) they are building the hyperloop and other thinks like a waterpowert car and that sort of stuff

I like your videos and you are a very skilled creator but whats up with "scaled speed". I don't remember fly models and even your rc car running "scaled speed'. That mental gymnastics to hype things is annoying to say the least.

@sian1_1

3 ай бұрын

He has a reason, he’s making something that could be a realscs transportation option. Because of this he has it in scaled speed to show its potential as a full scale object.

Why is the most liked comment here 15 likes? Come on we can beat that in this comment!

@funnygallie7863

4 ай бұрын

3 likes! Great job…

@generalgamermoments7512

4 ай бұрын

No we can’t 😂

@YousufandUmar

3 ай бұрын

Lol

@consolekid7908

3 ай бұрын

26

@kianballikar

3 ай бұрын

Bludington u r begging for likes lmao the most liked comment has 1K now

I love your videos they teach me so much ♥️

Wow so excited to hear solidworks is now reasonably accessible

Cool vid and cool project. To viewers, don't get it twisted tho, Elon's hyperloop is a scam that is not feasible and the scaling of small projects like this are waaaay more complicated and expensive than they might seem.

@TheGigashadow

11 ай бұрын

Absolutely, it's a terrible idea that's extremely dangerous and practically impossible to actually execute in any real world application!

But why? This concept is clearly the worst of every world. Disadvantages everywhere. Also: “Scaled speed”? There is no such thing. It’s just a relatively small object going relatively fast.

Awesome video and a great example of scope creep lol.

Surprised you didn't try to add a leaf blower to the other end. That would definitely add a pressure difference with (hopefully) minimal modifications

Such a fantastic project. Back in the early eighties I had a toy track setup that used air to move the vehicle through the tubes. I really enjoyed playing with it but it definitely had its issues. Even though I was only about 12 years old I was trying to improve it with some success.

@gregsteele806

11 ай бұрын

Micronauts?

@j2kinflarc768

11 ай бұрын

@@gregsteele806 i honestly wish I remembered 😂🤷🏼‍♂️

Very Cool, as for the distorted rails. Maybe add a screw adjustment with a nut between the 2 top parts and set then all the same

Using Different Plastic (did you use PLA?) and maybe even covering the plastic parts in a ring of Aluminum Foil may help with the heat melting/warping.

The problem with using vacuum as a power source is that the vacuum does not produce the energy - the differential between vacuum and atmospheric pressure does. It's the +pressure of the atmosphere that produces energy. The energy between vaccum and 1 ATM vs. 1 ATM and 2 ATM is the same. So... Using vacuum, all you can ever get is 1ATM of 'energy'. Using +pressure as an energy source, you can use 1 or 10 or 10,000 ATM for whatever amount of energy you want.

The connection point on the acrylic tubing should be flared, then 3d print a coupling have a smooth transition along the tire position on the piston, the seal outside of coupling will help push through the transition point.

Try piping the exhaust of the vacuum to the other end of the tube to increase the pressure behind the carriage. That way its more efficient bc you are pressurizing the air behind the train while sucked out the air in front of it

@technohippy29uk

11 ай бұрын

So the problem of going transonic vs supersonic could be solved if the air was moving fast enough. The speed of sound is relative to the speed of the medium you're passing though, so increasing the medium speed could mean you could theoretically reach the actual speed of sound if you had a long enough track, a fast enough air pusher and puller, and enough guts to try! I'd start with a huge industrial air pump on either end, one pulling, one pushing!

I grew up exploring the abandoned tunnels and weird old structures across the road in Crystal Palace Park. I watched as a guy found the remnants of the Pnumatic train in the park in 1986.

This is nearly identical in concept to the classic bank and box store vacuum capsule method of passing money and documents from one place outside to another inside(an office for example) and doing so very rapidly. Usually less than 2 seconds from outside station to bank teller inside. They also would use clear acrylic 4” tubes where visible for architectural effect and pvc when in-wall. But work effectively yes they do. They use a type of fuzzy seal ring like felt on both ends of the capsule to allow movement tolerances and still slow the atmospheric pressurized air down enough to make it effective.

This is awesome that Solidworks are Sponsoring you ! Great project, Rekon you could build a doughnut track ?

You need some linear rail as the rails. Might be expensive but they make some super thin/small rail.

man wtf you never fail to amaze me with your videos

The flanges on a train rub against curves if their tight enough and switches if the train is going slow over them hence the reason of the squealing noise that a train makes when it’s passing through a set of points

very cool... when I was a bit younger I imagined this kind of thing to rapidly transport goods from place to place instead of trucking... I got the idea one day while sitting at the bank watching someone put documents etc., into one of those tubes and it shoots into the bank and came back later... good to see someone actually try it

@gregsteele806

11 ай бұрын

There was a full scale pneumatic subway test line built in NYC in 1870. There's a world of difference between Hyperloop and pneumatic tubes though. What you saw at the bank is a pneumatic tube. The package is propelled by air pressure, like a bullet in a rifle. Hyperloop cars generally use magnetic propulsion. The tube is only there to reduce the air pressure and thus reduce air friction to allow higher speeds / greater efficiency.

From the title, I thought you were talking about a train that ran through a vacuum tube with no wind resistance. Now that would be a crazy project! nice video

It would be really interesting if you could calculate the power efficiency of the system and compare them to current railway systems.

Could you use a skirt on the piston to improve the seal while not increasing the friction by too much?

You could also use smart magnets to keep the train off of the track while still connected to the piston

IVE BEEN WAITING FOR SO LONG

The tube train thing reminds me of this "post/letter" tubes which you see in some movies like 'wolf of wallstreet' where you put a piece of paper in a "bottle-like" container and send it up or down trough the office😅

Looked like there was a dip in the tube path in the first 1/3 of the track that was robbing you of some acceleration. If you make another version, design a "flag" or circle that hangs off the side of the tube supports with a small hole in the middle. Then you can use a laser level projected through the holes to get shims under the track supports and make a perfectly straight/level tube.

You can use less power requirement by placing the vacuum along the side every so incrementally and it won’t need much since it gets raw draw not distance over time.

Love it - way more real than the full size one will ever be!

Could you get it faster by applying higher than atmospheric pressure at the currently open end? Maybe a leaf blower?

I bet a thin foam rubber disk as a seal could glide over the joints while keeping the pressure. I'm reminded of the experiments where they put a Ping-Pong ball n a PVC tube, vacuumed it out and popped the seal on the back end. Man that ball got up to speed quick! There are plenty of "supersonic ping pong ball" vids online if you want to see.

You could also utilize the vacuum cleaner exhaust & run another hose to the opposite end, with a pneumatic directional switch.

I wonder if the rail warping issue could be fixed using a round rail and multiple wheels surrounding it, similar to how some roller coasters mount to their track. Would increase friction, but make it potentially harder to derail. could be fun to experiment with.

Congratulations. You've done more with just some easily accessible materials than most companies have managed to do with multi-billion dollar budgets and entire staffs of engineers.

Well-done!

Awesome work as always. That taper on the train wheels also gives a tilt in corners and helps when going around corners, like a primitive differential, or so I've been told.

i now see how it works thanksi love you

Nice work!

By attaching a 2nd shop vac to the other end on blow you should more than double your speed