BLOOD TYPES - ABO and Rh Blood Group Systems
A blood type or blood group is a means of classifying blood based on the presence of specific antibodies and on whether red blood cells have specific inherited antigenic substances on their surfaces. There are 38 of these blood group systems based on various antigens. These antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids. The most important blood group systems are those that denote ABO and Rh status, since these determine suitability of blood for transfusion. We will be discussing them in this video.
The ABO blood group system involves two antigens and two antibodies found in human blood - antigen A and antigen B, and antibody A and antibody B. The A and B antigens are found on red blood cells, while antibodies A and B are in the serum. The antibodies are usually IgM, or immunoglobulin M, antibodies. Humans all have one of four combinations of antigens, along with a corresponding combination of antibodies, which we’ll get to next. People with blood type A have antigen A, people with blood type B have antigen B, people with blood type AB have both antigen A and antigen B, and people with blood type O have neither antigen. If you’re blood type A, then you have Antibody B. If you are blood type B, you have antibody A. If you are blood type AB, you have neither antibody. Finally, if you are blood type O, you have both Antibody A and Antibody B. If antibody A encounters antigen A or antibody B encounters antigen B, an agglutination reaction results. This is very bad news and we’ll cover this in a follow up video. Blood transfusion is safe only as long as the recipient’s serum doesn’t have antibodies for the donor’s blood cell antigens.
The second most significant blood group system for blood transfusion is the Rh system. Rh stands for Rhesus and it involves 50 antigens. The most significant Rh antigen is the D antigen, as it’s the most likely to cause the immune system to react. The presence of D antigen is signified by a plus sign after the ABO blood type. Lack of the D antigen is signified by a minus sign. For example, someone who has B antigen and Rh antigen would be signified as B positive.
It’s common for someone who is D negative to not have anti-D antibodies, but these people can develop these antibodies after a sensitization event. This can happen, for instance, during a blood transfusion, or during a fetomaternal transfusion of blood during pregnancy. This can result in the development of Rh disease.
So a D negative patient without sensitization to D positive red blood cells can receive a transfusion of D positive blood once. Then, they become sensitive to D antigen, so a future transfusion of D+ blood could result in a dangerous transfusion reaction. And, in the case of D negative females without prior sensitization, receiving D positive blood results in a risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn. Hence, Rh D positive blood isn’t given to D negative women of child-bearing age. Meanwhile, D positive patients do not react to D negative blood. The same kind of matching is done for other Rh antigens (e.g. C, c, E, e).
Now let’s apply what we’ve learned to fill out this red blood cell compatibility table. O negative is the universal donor. Since there are no A, B, or D antigens, O negative can donate blood to anyone without triggering an immune response from A, B, or anti-D antibodies. AB positive is the universal receiver, since there are no antibodies that will trigger an immune response to A, B, or D antigens.
Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood which holds blood cells and other constituents of whole blood in suspension. This is where you find A, B or anti-D antibodies. Hence, plasma compatibility is the inverse of red blood cell compatibility. Someone with blood type O can receive plasma from any blood type while someone with blood type AB can only receive plasma from other people with blood type AB. Someone with blood type O can only donate plasma to others with blood type O, while those with AB blood can donate plasma to anyone.
It must be noted that, with rare exceptions, an individual has the same blood group for life. On rare occasions, it can change through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection, malignancy, autoimmune disease or due to a bone marrow transplant. If someone with a different ABO type donates bone marrow to you, your blood type will eventually convert to the donor’s type.
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this is like the best video ever about blood type gives you all the info. specially if you need to get transfusion done
I love this video. Please keep doing what you’re doing.
I am absolutely fascinated by blood types, so much so it inspired me to write a sci-fi novel (Collection of The Negatives) a couple years ago. Great video!
@HaloHighlightz
2 жыл бұрын
Sounds interesting! Is it on Amazon?
@rajeshsogun2953
Жыл бұрын
I would love to read that novel.
@jemimajemima4847
5 ай бұрын
Where can I read it?.😢
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Your videos are soo amazing. Your videos helps me alot with my studies. . Yout channel will reach to 1M soon INSHALLAH. Thank you sir.
You're good So brief yet understandable
Eccellent video, very clear explanations.
Thank youuuu 😊 , it's always clear
This is my 5th video in a row trying to understand this, and this is definitely the best!
Amezing video sir
I love your videos they r so awesome and educative
Very informative video ❤️❤️❤️
These video help me a lot tq so much
Good explanation
Very good recap video 👍👍 keep it up
Im RH- ABO- DC12, ive been told its crazy rare
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Classic❤❤❤
K if A antigen and b antibodies how it came can I know
Why does my DL say RH FACTOR only? There is no +, - or other letters
Thats great i didnt understand a thing i came here cause on my birth file it says i have blood type ABO negative my mum has AB negative and my dads O postive i already know that my mums blood type is rare and only one percent of the population has it and not so sure about my dads but i cant find any information bout mine. Do i not understand or should i go get my blood tested to find out?
@moonbeam2062
2 жыл бұрын
ABO is the blood group that your blood type is made from, it's not the actual blood type you have! So, from that group you can either be A, B, AB or O. You should look again at your birth file and see if there's anything written or typed below or to the side of ABO. That being said, if your dad is an O type, then he only has two O alleles that he inherited from his parents. (That's what makes him an O). So you obviously couldn't get an A gene or B gene from him because he doesn't have them. If your mum is an AB that means she has one A allele and one B allele (Thats what makes her an AB). So, you can get either an A gene or a B gene from her. (She has no O gene to give you) So, technically the only combinations of genes your parents can produce between them for a child would be A/O or B/O which would mean you can only possibly be a type A or a type B child because whichever of those combinations you inherited, the A and B genes are always going to dominate the O in those types of combinations. So that will cause you to present either as an A or B blood type. As for the positive/negative factor, That's the Rh factor which is inherited separate from the ABO alleles. You mentioned you are Rh negative. So, if your mum is Rh negative then she has only negative Rh alleles, so negative is all you can receive from her side. Your dad is positive but because you are negative, that means he obviously has one positive allele and one negative allele. But because his Rh positive allele is dominate over the Rh negative allele, then that's why he presents as an O positive. If you are Rh negative, then that means you inherited an Rh negative allele from both your dad and mum. So, that would make you either an A negative or a B negative blood type.
0 dislikes Damn
not me being a neet aspirant and being in love with this
H substance is abbreviation for
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Nxt video :::::cancer nd Hiv
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I have RH blood type?
I don't know, my blood types
I clicked on this and I thought it was a song..
I dont think blood group has anything to do with it I'm 0+
Fetal mutation
Lmao still don’t understand the Rh factor It’s complicated Too many things I really dont get it i wish i could understand in very easy way
Help!! Recombination dna mutation?!? Unexpected blood of the child?!? Mother AB- Father O- My blood type is AB positive RH positive When I was pregnant with my second child they told me I had blood incompatibility and they did titer/antibodies checks to see if my antibodies started attcking the babies red blood cells. It came out negative. Fast forwarding to today and I ask my parents what blood type they are and mother is AB- and father is O- From what I Googled those aren't possible.. after freaking out a bit and watching KZread videos on blood types I came across this "unexpected blood of the child" O x AB = O, AB I'm AB, do I classify as a rare mutation called recombination? Help? AB positive RH negative mother AB - father O - I guess I'm a unexpected blood of the child, a mutation called recombination "Recombination is the process of breaking and recombining segments of DNA to create new allele combinations. This recombination mechanism generates genetic variation at the gene level. It represents species-specific variances in DNA sequences." www.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/ask181#:~:text=Swapping%20part%20of%20O%20with,This%20is%20called%20recombination.
Your videos are soo amazing. Your videos helps me alot with my studies. . Yout channel will reach to 1M soon INSHALLAH. Thank you sir.