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What is binge eating disorder, and what are the symptoms?
People with BED may eat a lot of food in a short amount of time, even if they aren’t hungry. Emotional stress or destress often plays a role and might trigger a period of binge eating.
A person might feel a sense of release or relief during a binge but experience feelings of shame or loss of control afterward.
For a healthcare professional to diagnose BED, three or more of the following symptoms must be present:
eating much more rapidly than normal
eating until uncomfortably full
eating large amounts without feeling hungry
eating alone due to feelings of embarrassment and shame
feelings of guilt or disgust with oneself
People with BED often experience feelings of extreme unhappiness and distress about their overeating, body shape, and weight.
What causes binge eating disorder?
The causes of BED are not well understood but likely due to a variety of risk factors, including:
Genetics.
Gender.
Changes in the brain.
Body size.
Body image.
Binge eating.
Emotional trauma.
Other psychological conditions.
How is BED diagnosed?
While some people may occasionally overeat, such as at Thanksgiving or a party, it does not mean they have BED, despite having experienced some of the symptoms listed above.
BED typically starts in the late teens to early twenties, although it can occur at any age. People generally need support to help overcome BED and develop a healthy relationship with food. If left untreated, BED can last for many years.
To be diagnosed, a person must have had at least one binge eating episode per week for a minimum of three months.
The severity ranges from mild, which is characterized by one to three binge eating episodes per week, to extreme, which is characterized by 14 or more episodes per week.
What are the health risks?
BED is associated with several significant physical, emotional, and social health risks.
Up to 50% of people with BED are obese. However, the disorder is also an independent risk factor for gaining weight and developing obesity. This is due to the increased calorie intake during binging episodes.
On its own, obesity increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and cancer.
Other health risks associated with BED include sleep problems, chronic pain conditions, asthma, and irritable bowel syndrome.
Research has shown that people with BED report more challenges with social interactions, when compared with people without the condition.
Additionally, people with BED have a high rate of hospitalization, outpatient care, and emergency department visits, compared with those who don’t have a feeding or eating disorder.
Although these health risks are significant, there are a number of effective treatments for BED.
What are the treatment options?
The treatment plan for BED depends on the causes and severity of the eating disorder, as well as individual goals.
Therapy options include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, dialectical behavior therapy, weight loss therapy, and medication. These may be carried out on a one-to-one basis, in a group setting, or in a self-help format.
In some people, just one type of therapy may be required, while others may need to try different combinations until they find the right fit.
A medical or mental health professional can provide advice on selecting an individual treatment plan.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Dialectical behavior therapy
Weight loss therapy
How to overcome binging
The first step in overcoming binge eating is speaking to a medical professional. This person can help with a diagnosis, determine the severity of the disorder, and recommend the most appropriate treatment.
In general, the most effective treatment is cognitive behavioral therapy, but a range of treatments exists. Depending on individual circumstances, just one therapy or a combination may work best.
No matter which treatment strategy is used, it is important to also make healthy lifestyle and diet choices when possible.
Here are some additional helpful strategies:
Keep a food and mood diary
Practice mindfulness
Find someone to talk to
Choose healthy foods
Start exercising
Get enough sleep
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