I already know all this stuff, but I watched the whole video simply because Professor Brailsford is such a wonderful lecturer. This is one of my all-time favorite channels, thanks for keeping with it! I would love to see a video going further into binary logic, for instance how NAND/NOR are used in flash memory, or how XOR is more generally used.

@SuperBartles

3 жыл бұрын

Christopher Pilcher Same. It’s like getting a masterclass in how to teach this stuff. I’ve been telling my son about propositional logic/Boolean algebra because it seems so useful in so many areas, most obviously computer science

@gradientO

3 жыл бұрын

@@SuperBartles what other areas?

Computerphile, you might consider doing an episode on the implementation of logic gates in RTL / CMOS so viewers can learn how all this actually works in silicon. I think Professor Derek McAuley has some knowledge on this from his discussion on Moore's Law. Great and interesting topics! Great work.

Probably the only Computerphile video in which I understood everything that was said.

I know that I'm quite late with my comment (3 years it seems), but I really wanted to say how much I like how Professor Brailsford cares about the electronics engineers. Much appreciated!

Professor Brailsford seemed quite happy about explaining this ^^

You teach this better than my computing teacher 😂💛

That "square matrix" is called a Karnaugh map

@sp10sn

3 жыл бұрын

@@kamacoding951 Interesting. What culture does not?

@troydavis3878

2 жыл бұрын

@@kamacoding951 It's simply a way of denoting things more precisely. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, Euler's Number, Karnaugh Map, Pythagorean Theorem would be Principle, Number, Map and Theorem without the descriptive name of the practitioner who is most closely associated with it. Yes, owing to the time most of these discoveries were made, that being a time in which the preeminent science and math cultures of the world were western ones, many of these concepts have an Anglo name attached. I suspect in the future, we will see many more non-western names associated with discoveries to come.

@l0ckb0x22

2 жыл бұрын

@@kamacoding951 No, it's a Karnaugh map. Everyone studying computer architechture/organization knows this. To bring up culture here is not very elegant or clever.

I like the way this guy explains things..are there more? Can I watch him exclusively?

I am 15 y/o and i learn this in school so this subject is amazing

Had to learn this if you wanted to use redstone in Minecraft

@AkariInsko

4 жыл бұрын

True

@decrodedart2688

3 жыл бұрын

Had to learn this (and beyond) to operate real life.

@Henrix1998

3 жыл бұрын

Similar to real life, only NAND and inverters are efficient in Minecraft, everything else needs extra pieces

@ziconghuang7139

3 жыл бұрын

But I leaned logic gate through redstone

@memerboi69.0

2 жыл бұрын

@@Henrix1998 isn't or the simplest

2B + ~ 2B That is the question

@yousorooo

9 жыл бұрын

You are mixing up the symbols.

@18vallancel

9 жыл бұрын

2B || ~2B

@skifree0

9 жыл бұрын

18vallancel if the 2 is interpreted as a symbol and the ~ applied on (2B) as a whole on the RHS "technically speaking" thats a tautology => true. Did i break Shakespeare yet?

@18vallancel

9 жыл бұрын

iamterence77 I know :)

@klutterkicker

9 жыл бұрын

True.

Wonderful explanation, so calm and clear! Thanks

Why does KZread offer better lectures than my university? Great video! :)

Thank you for this! Great help in only a few minutes! You guys rock!

This is so clearly explained and so simply put. Honestly, fantastic tutorial

Simple but wonderful! If you want really interesting triggering rhythms in modular synths, you need to learn this.

Good video, prof. I am learning logic gates right now. Quite an interesting topic.

That "easter egg" at 2:00 would've been fun if it lead me somewhere but this was a lot of ones and zeros to begin with. whatever I still had some fun.

Thanks guys, just doing logic gates with my year 9 class, they'll love this!

disappointed that you didn't show the actual mechanics of how these work, personally I think that the logic behind it is pretty simple and intuitive

Great video, thank you!

It was very useful for me. Thank you for the video!

Great explanation, loved it

In the digram symbol for the NOT-gate (inverter) it's really the little circle that does the inversion; you can also have a non-inverting buffer stage which is just the triangle without the circle.

You are great sir ❤️ I love your accent, sound, and your flow ❤️

Very interesting to a layman like me to see how abstract logic takes on a physical form through electronics! I imagine that's how computer circuits work at a very fundamental level? Computer science must be an interesting subject.

I love this. A fantastic free education by true scholars, and the knowledge that any revenue generated will be used to perpetuate education!

Thank you very much!!! Lovely explanation!

better than my college teacher great channel..keep it up

Nice thing about treating AND as multiply and OR as addition is that they have nearly identical mathematical properties. So you can write your outputs as a set of math functions. From that point optimizing your logic for least amount of gates becomes the familiar "simplification" stuff we were taught in arithmetic classes.

@Shadow4707

9 жыл бұрын

Nothing's stopping you from writing your outputs using the and-sign, or-sign and not-sign in math language. Just specify the behaviour of the three symbols and your good to go. :D (max-function for or-gates, min-function for and-gates, "if 1 then 0 else 1"-function for not-gates. Very easy.)

Thank you for this! Now I get logic gates.

To our european viewers: The way Professor Brailsford draws his logic gates is not what you'll usually see around here, as he uses a US standard. We simply draw squares with a symbol in it (& for and, ≥1 for or, etc). We also use the little circles denoting not operations for brevity, and all in all I think it's nicer and more intuitive than the random shapes which you have to memorize. Seeing how americans like random standards (three feetsies in a yard!) it doesn't surprise me that they still use it though :P The US-standard is called US ANSI 91-1984, the european one IEC 60617-12.

As soon as you mentioned multiplication, it hit me that or is just + and xor is -. I’m working on some assembly stuff, so that might come in handy.

@tanveerhasan2382

4 жыл бұрын

Xor is equivalent to minus! I never thought of that

@m_t_t_

2 жыл бұрын

@@tanveerhasan2382 how is it? 0-1 is not 1

@tanveerhasan2382

2 жыл бұрын

@@m_t_t_ it's minus 1

@dmitripogosian5084

Жыл бұрын

xor is exactly + mod 2, isn't it ?

The logical addition actually represents the exclusive or and it perfectly makes sense when you realise that the mathematical structure ({0;1};+;⋅) in which you perform your calculations is identical to ℤ/2ℤ, hence 1 + 1 = 0.

@Schindlabua

9 жыл бұрын

+ is merely a symbol and you can define it any way you want really. It's also gotta be said that not only ℤ/2ℤ can form a boolean algebra, any lattice with a couple of additional properties does. + for regular old or starts to make a lot more sense when you look at how you'd build it with transistors, which is more or less just "connecting wires" - so HIGH signal + HIGH signal still equals HIGH signal, not LOW.

Thanks! This helped a lot!

Hello, I'm really interested by computerphile's videos. Are those kinds of lessons covered in computer science or computer engineering?

Basic gates, good refresher

These are crucial basics, and very important... but you should really make another make another video on XOR and NAND, which are immensely usefull (but of courseyou are aware of that :) )

I really enjoyed it.

This is so nice.

woah great it's so wonderful learning like that

Very useful, thanks.

2:00 Nice Easter Egg.

@AkariInsko

4 жыл бұрын

What did it mean in text

@NoName-ui5ou

3 жыл бұрын

Akari Insko "easter egg"

This helped a lot thanks

NOT is also written a lot of times with a bar over the input designator. For example, if the input is designated as A, NOT A will be written as an A with a line or bar over it.

@BertGrink

6 жыл бұрын

and still others use a / to denote the negative state, eg "/A", typically when you're using plain text.

Very cool video

One way of representing an OR gate mathematically is *a + b - (ab)*

@78anurag

2 жыл бұрын

How did you come up with that formula?

Here in Spain the a.b(Many-times even a dot-less ab) is more commonly used, at least in college, than the a and b. Same thing for the or, but with the NOT we use it like !a, the ¬ is only used in maths. Also, with CMOS gates, the NOR and NAND are not a gate with a NOT behind, but the other way around, the OR is a NOR with a NOT "glued" behind.

This guy could sell ice to a penguin

Do some videos on database and logical modeling, Chen's notation and the such. Im taking it in university so im highly interested in it

David Attenborough for logic.

I like a line over the notted symbols, because then you get this little mnemonic: Break the line, change the sign. I can't write it with the line over here, but it's a handy shortcut: !(A + B) = !A . !B It's also a little easier to read when you've got a complex equation. Fewer parentheses all over the place.

This guy is awesome. People these days aren't ready to know what's happening behind the scenes of these gates. And this is what it is. These are building blocks of CPU's and building introductions into a CPU I guess!

I have also seen set intersection ∩ for and and union∪used for or. This makes sense if you think of a venn diagram. The intersection is where both statements are true and the union is where either one is true.

Would XOR emulate addition with AND representing the carry bit?

This video helped me understand the circuit system in Factorio... :)

Found the Easter egg. Worth writing it out and adding the slots. Back to the video I go!

You forgot the And + Not for a Nand, as you did the Nor, but yeah I learned 3 notations today, all I knew before was the pictures of them but never the notation so it was neat.

This is helpful it is also better than watching redstone logic gates rather than computer logic gates

Cool how this transfers to math with like Venn diagrams with the intersect and union stuff

Best concept

Next should be one on how you can build an XOR (exclusive OR gate) out of these components.

this just summarize my entire first chapter of my math class

Thanks to Little Big Planet 2 I already knew that :)

For people who are wondering how Not Gates really work. Not Gates technically doesn't turn convert the input into it's inverted state. Your input will just be read not modified. Instead. Gives you an output based on what your input is. Look it up and you'll know what I mean.

One of those topics that are actually pretty deep and Scientific yet pretty easy to understand, if only we could formulate all the other difficult Scientific topics like we have the logic gates and boolean algebra in general :D

in binary, 1+1=10 and the last digit is 0, so why isn't xor called logical sum instead of or gates?

It's worth noting that you can make an AND gate by inverting the inputs to an OR gate and then inverting the output, which means that AND actually consists of OR and NOT gates, and as such you can make any logic with only those two gates.

@RunnerPack

9 жыл бұрын

It works the other way, too. In fact, when I learned Boolean logic, I was told that NAND is sometimes called the "universal gate" because if you short its inputs together, it becomes an inverter (NOT). Thus, given enough of them, you could theoretically build any given logic circuit. For example, you could use two "NAND inverters" to invert the inputs of another NAND to make your OR gate.

3:15 That really confused me when doing mechatronics, I wasn't sure if it meant and or multiplication but both made sense anyway haha.

I want to avoid giving the impression that I have any intelligent understanding of this stuff at all, but it seems to me that that matrix is a really nice way to represent the possible outputs for the inputs.

I can't find any video about 'boolean satisfiability problem' on the computerphile channel :(Are you going to make one?

Thanks a lot for the video, sir! The only question I still have - irrelative to the main topic, though - is why you use the music notation sheet (for orchestration, as a matter of fact) for drawing here?))

@Computerphile

3 жыл бұрын

This is "music lined" computer listing paper - it looks similar to a musical stave but it's numbered for computer code and comes on a continuous feed - aka "fan-fold" paper. Hope that helps -Sean

Not is often also represented by the 'bang' symbol "!" And fun math logic, if you 'not' a logic pair, like a+b, and factorally apply the 'not' to the formula like a multiplier you also flip the operator symbol. Ex: ! = not !(a+b) ==> !a.!b Not(a and b) ==> not a or not b

Long live the professor.

v nice, thamks

Got here a bit late. But now I have to go see if Karnaugh (sp?) map is covered as the natural extension of this series.

Omg I knew AND was A multiplied by B but I didn’t know why until just now and it’s so simple and I feel so dumb for not putting that together myself

This helps me remember that AND starts before OR. multiplication before division. Could be a bad way to think about it.

I love how he writes on that old fashioned printer paper. his video might help me pass my Systems Architecture class. Thanks!

Thanks!

That 'different way' is called Karnaugh map ;) .

I absolutely hated Truth Tables in high school math. I think they got introduced 1st in Like algebra II OR III & got ever more complicated in Geometry & I think also Trig?? I took as many honors classes as I could & I think We even saw them pop up in my Physics class. I wish I hadn’t of hated them so much as this is one of those moments of- ‘If only I knew then what I know now…’ I would’ve appreciated them, tried a bit harder, & understood a helluva lot more about why they exist & their function to everyday life.

Thank you

nice easter egg!

You can actually create any gate using only nor gates or only nand gates. I'm pretty sure actual computers use nands (transistors) whereas Minecraft logic uses nors (redstone torches).

@skifree0

9 жыл бұрын

actually you can frequently interchange where nands and nors are used. You can build a transistor based nor gate in the same amount of material as it does to build a nand gate. really its all dependant on the type of logic you are building. for instance building a S/R latch with nor gates is cheaper than building it with NAND gates because with NAND, bot S/R have to be inverted before feeding into the latch itself.

@FinaISpartan

9 жыл бұрын

All gates can be made with Or And Not Nor and Nand

@angeldude101

9 жыл бұрын

The nand gates in real computers are only a few micrometers across (I don't known the actual distance) and can transfer a signal extremely fast. A single not gate in Minecraft can take up to 2m^3 in volume and passes signals in just 1/10 of a second.

@Rocky183

9 жыл бұрын

Final Spartan what about if you not use and and or or and nand or and nor?

@ConsciousAtoms

9 жыл бұрын

angeldude101 Modern cpu gate size is on the order of 20 nanometers.

i've never seen the ~ notation for not. the other one we used in Discrete was to put a bar over the item.

did you paint the ¬ instead of typing it in the video?

subscribed

Hello, At the top of the page it is written AND OR NOT XOR Then in the video we are explained the AND, the OR, the NOT and the NOR So is an XOR same as a NOR ?

@Computerphile

9 жыл бұрын

辛格文 XOR is a separate video, sorry for the confusion - XOR coming very soon!

@NWProductionsHD

9 жыл бұрын

Amelia explained it precisely in truth table form but it's the eXclusive or. In the exclusive case if A or B are true, then the output is true, BUT if A AND B are both true, then the output is false. To compare it to real life an exclusive or is similar to where you order a meal at a restaurant, and you have a choice between soup OR salad as the side dish. This is an example of an exclusive or as we can have one or the other, but not both. When dealing with or's we assume them to be inclusive, and because of this fact we have the always funny (but extremely corny) joke: "A logician goes out to dinner and orders the steak, the server asks if they would like the soup or salad, the logician responds yes." //_^

I like how his "truth table" is a K-Map. That might be a little ambiguous to the uninitiated down the line if they don't know the difference between a proper truth table and a K-map

Speaking of logic gates, I found out that three-way light switches (where two switches control one light fixture) operate like XNOR gates: both inputs have to be in the same state to produce an "on" or 1 state.

@klutterkicker

9 жыл бұрын

Did you know there are three-way dimmer switches? I really want to try one of those.

@PhazonSouffle

9 жыл бұрын

The ones in my house don't discern which state the switches are in. The light changes state when one of the switches changes state. Despite pondering over this since age 5 I still have no idea how it works.

@ColinRichardson

9 жыл бұрын

Is it not a XOR rather than a XNOR? Better to think "When they are both off, it's off" I know technically they are the same thing, but Adding the extra inversion for no reason to the outcome.

@Tfin

9 жыл бұрын

PhazonSouffle OR is a0 b0 = 0 a1 b0 = 1 a1 b1 = 1 a0 b1 = 1 XOR (eXclusive OR) is a0 b0 = 0 a1 b0 = 1 a1 b1 = 0 a0 b1 = 1 You'll see that every switch flip with XOR flips the state, similar your 3-ways, BUT they're (probably) the other way around, so that the light is on only when both switches are in the same position (both up or both down), which is the NOT version of that, the OP's XNOR.

@JsbWalker

9 жыл бұрын

PhazonSouffle It works the way that Desmaad described, using an XNOR or XOR gate. In an XOR gate the gate is exclusive, which means that the output only works when only one of the other inputs are on. If they are in the same state it is off. Now imagine that your lights are on and they are controlled by two switches. The first switch is on, and the second switch is off. If you were to turn the first switch off, the switches would be in the same state and the lights would be off. If you were to turn the second switch on, the switches would be in the same state and the lights would be off. So with this logic it doesn't matter which switch you press, the outcome will be that the output switches states as the switches move in and out of synchronicity.

I prefer to think that NOT symbol is just that little circle. That way we already know that the triangle is just a simple buffer, so the circle with a triangle is actually a negating buffer.

Nice little "easter egg" :D

Is XOR similar to OR except there can only be one 1 (one true and one false)?

Can you use group theory notation like Union or Intersect? Seems very similar.

@RylanEdlin

8 жыл бұрын

They are similar, but definitely not the same. You don't really use union or intersection to display logic, though you could argue that if you take a set containing something to mean true and the empty set to mean false, then you could perform and and or with them. I can't think of a reason why you would want to, though.

Thank you for all this teachers, KZread were not wasted by just those garbage video posts.

Nicely explained. Still, I have a query, what is the need of NOT gate, why was it introduced? I want to explain same to a non-IT professional, can you give me a real world example where such implementation exists?

@malteeaser101

7 жыл бұрын

I imagine it is used when flipping bits, before using the Adders to add one, in calculating two's complement, which allows you to sign numbers, therefore representing the negative ones. That's a guess. Also, to do this would require combining a couple of Nots into a device called a 'Noter', which would be able to invert several bits. This would all be present in the arithmetic and logic unit of the CPU. 

Time for logic! There are three AND gates, one OR gate, and one NOR gate. One signal is connected to the A on the first AND gate, and one signal is connected to the B on the first AND gate. Signal A is off. This AND gate is also connected to the OR gate. A signal is connected to the A signal on the second AND gate. There is another signal on the second AND gate. Signal A and Signal B are on. The NOR gate has a signal that is on. The NOR and OR gate are connected to the A and B signals of the last AND gate. Is the last AND gate on or off?

This episode was quite interesting but I have two questions about its contents: - why was the existence of "nor" mentioned, but not the existence of "nand"? - it is stated that the three basic operators "and", "or" and "not" are sufficient, but why not having a kind of "proof of concept", for instance by creating an "xor"? I hope there will be a part 2, where these things are clarified, examples are taken, and examples of use are taken (why not talking about the use of "xor" in cryptography, for instance?)

I always wondered how a "not" gate could generate a signal if no signal is applied, where does it take it from if nothing goes in (signal is "off", and is reversed to "on") but it makes sense if the voltage is not "off" but "low" and gets amplified to "high" when it's low, and lowered to "low" when it comes in "high".

@SetMyLife

9 жыл бұрын

Note, that logic gates in electronics are all powered, besides accepting signal inputs. We just don't draw power connections in logic diagrams :)

@RebelNode

9 жыл бұрын

NOT-gates actually have another input where it takes the power from. You can't see this power-input in logic-diagrams because the power input is not part of the logical implementation, only part of the physical implementation.

@david13579naranja

9 жыл бұрын

Gates need to be plugged in to a power source, you just dont see it

@CookingWithCows

9 жыл бұрын

ha! thanks guys :)

@insu_na

9 жыл бұрын

The way a not gate is physically realized is actually quite weird imo... (Well it differs, depending). The physical implementation I know uses a transistor that, when voltage is applied, grounds the circuit... It makes total sense, I just found it to be a strange looking circuit :D