One suggestion is using a taller cell which will leave room at the bottom for it to fall off, so your metals are not sitting in your potassium chlorate.

I built a potassium chlorate cell many years ago and never used it again because it wasn't sealed at all and the chlorine gas ate away the alligator clips I put on the electrodes. I always remembered this process as too much of a hassle to set up again, but your video made it look surprisingly simple. Now I want to try it again, I even still have everything I need to set it up.

@amarissimus29

Жыл бұрын

Clips are consumables in these cells. I use quick-disconnect connectors on my leads and just swap out clips when they disappear. No matter how convoluted my exhaust setup gets, I haven't been able to avoid this happening eventually. There are worse problems to have.

Really awesome cell, ive made quite alot this way. I ended up putting it all in a big plastic box and sealing the box. I used 2-part epoxy to hold the electrodes in place. The 2-part epoxy (which I consider close to indestrucible) is easily turned into tar within a couple of weeks, really shows what chlorine can do. I really recommend this project, it is the best way for the amateur to produce potassium chlorate. And the crystals were very beautiful, at one point I had a big jar filled with the solution and as it cooled down and the crystals started forming they looked like glitter falling through the solution. Thank you Harry!

@skr9

Жыл бұрын

Hello my friend can you give me the steps to prepare potassium chlorate from electrolysis

Saturday in the park, homemade fireworks with electrolysis!

I figured out a way to track the progress of the chlorate cell. Take sample and boil off the water. Now you should weigh the resulting precipitate. This precipitate should consist of chloride and chlorate. Load sample into with test tube and heat the tube above 300 centigrade. The chlorate will decompose into chloride and oxygen. After this the sample can be weighed again. Since the oxygen is removed the second measurement should weight less compaired to the first one. The amount of chlorate in the initial sample can now be calculated. If you want I can elaborate with an example. I just came up with this idea and haven't tried it yet. I hope to get around to do this anytime this week.

@aarons7975

Жыл бұрын

If I am not mistaken, isn't one of those water soluable and the other one is not? Couldn't you just rinse and see how much of the non sol was left, giving you an idea of how much more to convert?

Насколько я понял, катод, ( - ), это обычный титановый электрод, а пойдёт обычная нержавеющая сталь. На нём выделяется водород, так что требования к материалу его изготовления весьма низкие. А вот для анода титан не пойдёт. Да, он стоек к коррозии, но чистый титан под действием выделяющихся кислорода и хлора пассивируется, и сила тока в цепи сильно уменьшается. Я сам лично наблюдал это явление. Поэтому в качестве анода используют либо титан, покрытый рутением и иридием, либо чисто платиновый электрод. Они не окисляются и сохраняют высокую проводимость. Также для анода пойдёт обычный графит, например, в виде графитовых стержней из батареек. Но графит разрушается и превращается в порошок, засоряя электролизную ванну. Так что в качестве анода берём либо платиновый электрод (не боись, там платины с гулькин нос), либо титан, покрытый Ru+Ir. А для катода пойдёт простой титан или нержавсталь

I used to make KClO4 1kg at a time about 20 years ago using stainless-steel cathode and Pt-wire anode. Worked really well, starting out making NaClO4, and then doing a double displacement with KCl. End product was quite pure.

Thank you for sharing your build- this video has saved me from making a serious mistake. Happy making!

Really hands-on practical and useful video

Really pretty crystals!!!

Man, your equations are amazing)

I love the intro it's just like 5 notes then straight into the video 👍

@chemistryofquestionablequa6252

2 жыл бұрын

I think it's 12

Very cool video But would it probably be a good idea to just add some potassium hydroxide forwoard so that you do not have to wait for the cell to get basic by it self?

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

It only takes a couple of minutes for the hydroxide concentration to build up, so I wouldn't worry about it honestly. Also, it would likely be very difficult to prevent overshooting the pH. Even just adding an extra half of a gram of KOH to a cell of this size would push the pH way above the ideal value of 9-10, and possibly damage the anode with the strongly basic conditions (though I'm not sure how bad this would actually be for the electrodes). You can definitely do it if you want to minimise the chlorine generated at the start of the cell run, but be careful of overshooting the amount of KOH you need.

A fellow kiwi doing electrochemistry? This channel is a real neat find! I ordered a platinum wire for doing electrochemistry myself, didn’t know about titanium for a cathode, I should put that on my shopping list. Gotta browse your channel to see what you do to get sulfuric acid and ammonia. Also as an electrical guy, those blue trimpots on your PSU aren’t rated for many cycles, maybe a few hundred turns at best, so I’d recommend replacing them with full-size pots. Put a large on in parallel with smaller one to get a fine and coarse range.

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Glad you like the channel! As it turns out, I'm actually in Australia, but I get people assuming me to have a NZ accent very often, it must be something I do when I'm on camera or something. Thanks for the tips regarding the trimpots as well! I'm actually waiting on a much better power supply which will get rid of the need for my buck converter. If I do use it again, I'll definitely replace those pots.

@hillammowallaf6237

Жыл бұрын

Make potassium chloride

First video I've found that explains what is happening. Nice!

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Glad it helped! Thanks for watching

@user-in8bz3kd7d

5 ай бұрын

​@@ScrapScienceBrother, do I need electrolysis for half a month?

I only give my tip to my wife. Great video. Keep it up.

weird how the EU is implementing more and more restrictions on acids and nitrate salts when you can pretty much make a bomb with salt, electricity and sugar

@pigal1

10 күн бұрын

Perhaps for security reasons salt, sugar and electricity will be prohibited in eu

Another youtuber uses sodium persulfate as catalyst for his cell so you don´t have to use dichromates. You should go up to 20-30A with your current then you get that what you get in a week per day. Nice video by the way ! :)

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

Yep, persulfate is also a common additive that works well with MMO anodes. I was going to get some (since I can get persulfate easily) but it honestly wasn't worth the expense since I don't actually need the chlorate for anything. I would have run the cell at a much higher current, but 20-30 A would likely require a larger cell and spot welded connections to the electrodes. I was basically just using 3 A because I had the contact resistance of the alligator clips in mind. A proper cell could definitely be run much better. Glad you enjoyed!

Thanks for your videos and all the answers to comments!.Do you know if the positive plates of used 12V car batteries can be used instead MMO plates, with reasonable efficiency? They consist of PbO2 ,cost nothing, and they are easy to find. Thank you.

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

While PbO2 itself does do an excellent job at chlorate production in most cases, the lead dioxide cathode plates in a car battery sadly have terrible structural integrity when used for anything other than electrolysis of sulfates. Many people have tried them for chlorate production, but as far as I know, nobody has had any meaningful success.

@nicoschadjidemetriou4373

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you very much indeed!

@chemistryofquestionablequa6252

2 жыл бұрын

@@nicoschadjidemetriou4373 you can harvest the PbO2 from them, mix with a little epoxy and either coat carbon electrodes, or just use it rolled or pressed into the shape you want. If you want to deal with toxic lead salts, you can make a much more durable electrode mysteriusbhoice has LOTS about making them and other electrochemistry on his channel. The main advantage of PbO2 electrodes is that they can make perchlorates if you run them long enough, they also handle pretty high current densities.

Make video about sodium chlorate if you can... Really needed... Great video by the way... A Complete guide

One more question... Would adding a tad of KOH help to reduce the initial chlorine gas output? It would start with an increased pH & initially supply the hydroxide ions that it's building up over the first day, wouldn't it? 🤔

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

Yep, it certainly would! It won’t increase the efficiency much (since the initial hydroxide production in a cell only takes a few minutes), but it will definitely reduce the amount of chlorine which is initially made. I’d avoid adding too much though, since a super high pH is bad for the electrodes. I’d estimate that you’d need less than 20mg of KOH in order to get the pH to the desired 9 or 10 in a cell this size.

Yes sir thats about troubleshooting. I made anode by pbo2 on lead bar and electrolysis it in h2so4 under 3 volts and 500ma. area of anode was 60 cm2 and in rectangular shape.cell voltage is 12 v and current is 6 A in beginnings and then decreasa to 1.5 A after one day running. Temperature is 30 at first and incrase to 55 as current go up and then at the end decrease to 30 again. No ph control as all amateur chlorate cell.i pour one mole nacl in a 800ml water for electrolysis. Thanks again.

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Your problem is definitely a result of how you made the anode. You cannot make an anode for chlorate production by simply anodising lead metal. The lead metal substrate will always fall apart, passivate, and fill your solution with a highly toxic mess, with minimal chlorate production. The only way to make a working lead dioxide anode is to electroplate the lead dioxide onto graphite (a relatively difficult process) or titanium (a very difficult process). To get your chlorate cell to work, it is essential that you find a different anode - one that's not made directly from a lead bar. Additionally, the voltage you were running your cell at was way too high for any anode material. Chlorate cells should never be run at higher than 6 V.

@adama1294

10 ай бұрын

@@ScrapScience so using the lead dioxide plates from a car battery would disintegrate?

@ScrapScience

10 ай бұрын

@@adama1294 They would definitely disintegrate very quickly, correct.

Adding a persulphate salt (2g per L) to the solution will help with the PH and efficiency of the cell. Persulphate salts also work with this.

@user-eh2se3rb5f

2 жыл бұрын

can you explain the science behind it?

@Berghiker

2 жыл бұрын

@@user-eh2se3rb5f No. It's complicated. You need to look elsewhere for that explanation.

I was sure I was going to hear hindi for the millionth time! Good video well done, gold. Thank you!

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Glad you liked it :)

I really want some MMO electrodes, but I haven't been able to source any at a reasonable price. I've tried graphite, and it works great, except for the anode disintegrating.

@TheFireGoose

Жыл бұрын

Have you tried saturating the carbon anode in some mineral oil? I have heard it greatly reduces the corrosion. And all you really have to do is boil the electrode in mineral oil for a few mins.

When looking to buy the electrodes I find prices vary a hell of a lot, are the cheaper ones fake? Could someone please post links to both the anode and cathode electrodes that will work please? Preferably inexpensive if possible. Thanks in advance.

10:00 thanks for Explaining both ph and Temp in little detail .

Thank you for the video, alot of useful information in there however would you explain how you dry the chlorate? I have watched alot of videos & every time it skips the drying process. I get that it's not an interesting part, but it's a key part to know.

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

No worries at all! The drying process can be done in a couple of ways. In the simplest method, the wet recrystallised product can just be placed in a beaker and heated gently on the hotplate until they no longer stick to the walls of the glass. I briefly show this method of drying the crystals in my other video about sodium chlorate cells ( kzread.info/dash/bejne/gGhpps6QfLSYYZs.html ). A slighly more careful way of doing it is to get a large pot or beaker of water and heat it on the hot plate until it boils. Then, you can take your beaker full of wet crystals and submerge it slightly in the boiling water, so that the contents are heated to a gentle 100 C. This takes a little longer, but it absolutely avoids any possible decomposition of your product (not that that's likely anyway). That's actually what I did for this video, though I didn't include any footage. Another note is that you will need to occasionally stir the crystals around when you dry them (for either method) - this makes sure that you get even heating. A good way to tell when you're done is when you can stir the crystals with a glass stir rod, and absolutely none of the crystals stick to it when you remove it.

@nellyjmc8919

Жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience Thank you very much! That was very very helpful.

That type of electrodes are very cool. What kind of power supply would u need?

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

Any DC power supply with variable voltage and current is ideal, so that you can run the cell at a known current for the whole time.

Now do potassium perchlorate. That'd be a bang of an episode.

PLEASE READ IN FULL THANKS: I'd love to do a super efficient one, optimization is my fav. Part of being a chen engr in R&D. Is this possible to run with a salt bridge where the cells could be separated?? Well a salt bridge that would b DIY cheap piece and worked well (if those are possible) or using ion exchange resin as separator possibly? If theres not a cheap way to build these maybe a basic salt bridge so the cells could run and make their products, then like batch wise suck some OH- from its side and pour into + side to make ur ClO...then as the OH gets used up and pH falls put more OH in get as much ClO as u can then let OHall react up, bring pH to 6.7 so it reacts into ClO3. (If possible to get full or near 100% conversion to clo3 then remove it, ud save the lossy back rxn to cl- and greatly improve here) I've many ideas I'd like to try off your start if you're ok with that bro. I've a MS chemical engineering degree w a minor in biochemistry and in polymers setting to go into pharmaceutical R&D. I did R&D a few years then into more battery tech rnd on LiPo4 based cells that out cycled current Li-ion by 4x...most are dead loosing 80% of capacity at or b4 2000 charge cycles. Mine ran 6500 full xharge-discharge cycles in testing and retained a minimum loss at 90% or more of original capacity. So I do like this particular area of chemistry, but never got to really play with the electrolysis which always fascinated me the most. Can u do more complex things this way? Can you maybe do organic rxns this way oxidizing an alcohol into a ketone, or other harder rxns perhaps removing the need of complex expensive catalysts and do w an e.cell??? Where can I buy electrodes like these you use? Are they very costly??? Also buying separators or info on how to make ur own salt bridge etc would b amazing. Any info or pointing me to another of ur great vids that might answer these questions or provide more complex synthesis (any multiple step synthesis been attempted??) to enjoy a watch of would be most appreceiated my bro of interest in this area. Feel we could learn from each other if u just happen to read and respond to these comments

@ScrapScience

3 ай бұрын

Any salt bridge will introduce serious inefficiencies due to resistance. Yes, it's possible, but if you're looking for efficiency, this is not the solution. You could try with a cation exchange membrane if you're really keen, but this will require constant pumping of exact quantities of the cathodic NaOH solution into the anode compartment. Without perfect control, your cell would simply run like a chloralkali cell instead of a chlorate one. Additionally, adding extra volume to the anode compartment to maintain the pH would require some way of removing water (reverse osmosis or boiling, maybe) so that a constant volume could be maintained. A solvable problem probably, but you're the one who has to decide whether or not it's worth it... Industry generally doesn't bother with divided cells, since they only offer tiny increases in efficiency and are significantly more complicated to set up and run when compared to an undivided cell. Feel free to experiment though, and let me know if it turns out well! And yes, there are many more complex things you can do in the field of bulk electrolysis. Basically half of my videos are about these kinds of electrolytic syntheses. On the topic of doing organic reactions, I have this video here: kzread.info/dash/bejne/X4OkucSMpdGYlJs.htmlsi=jW2SZHNIpA7p4GbS Other more complex things include the synthesis of permanganate or nitrate - both of which I've done in the past: kzread.info/dash/bejne/loaN2sVqn5DegMo.htmlsi=iJQpTLeoHXuVqeyK kzread.info/dash/bejne/c5amz6qHZdq1iZs.htmlsi=3RCqEuNTIYY9fYbK I have a whole playlist called 'electrochemistry' with nearly 50 videos in it, if you're interested in more. As for getting hold of electrodes, the seller I bought mine from appears to no longer exist, which is a shame since they sold great quality products. I'm afraid I can't give any specific recommendations, as I can't guarantee the authenticity or quality of any current sellers. Ebay or AliExpress are generally good places to get them (same for membranes and separators), but be on the lookout for fakes (they are very common, particularly for platinum).

Is it preferable for the cell to be cold or hot? What is the normal temperature for the cell to be in? Please reply, and thank you very much for the effort

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

Unless you're going to the effort of making your cell pH controlled, the temperature doesn't really matter. It is usually a bad idea to run a cell at excessively high temperatures to prevent unnecessary damage to the electrodes though.

Very nicely done, very clean and precise.

@rezzer7918

Жыл бұрын

Just the opposite. Duh.

@WaffleStaffel

Жыл бұрын

@@rezzer7918 What? Is this the internet comment version of Tourette's? Show me the video where you do a better job.

Very nice video. I am planning to build the same electrolycis machine but the problem i have is i can't really find mmo anode and i will have to try titanium both for anode and for cathode. Do you think it will work and oxidize it? Thank you

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

Disappointingly, titanium alone will definitely not work as an anode. The oxidising conditions lead to complete passivation of the titanium surface. The only viable options for anode choices are graphite, MMO, and platinum.

@Alex-yn5gp

Жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience Thank you for your answear. Also what is the soulobility of kcl in distilted water?

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

@Alex-yn5gp it will depend on temperature. You will find detailed information if you just Google “KCl solubility”.

Protip: Keep the electrodes off the bottom of the jar. The chlorate will be *reduced* back to KCl at the bottom of the cathode.

@Preyhawk81

2 жыл бұрын

also its good when the cathode has only half the size of the anode so less hydrogen disolve in the solution and reduce the chlorate

@Scrap Science Can you make a video on that how you did all the calculations. Much appreciated.

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Sorry, I don't plan on ever covering the basics of the maths and the stoichiometry of the cell. This is something you'll have to do some research for if you want to understand the process of calculation. As a starting point, this website gives a thorough explanation of how to make rough predictions of the cell runtime and production rate: www.chlorates.exrockets.com/runtime.html

@Berghiker

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience I found a book with all the calculations in chemistry. It has 650 pages!

Hello, wonderful tutorial. I was wondering what you use for your variable power supply and how you are able to get 3-5v at around 3-5 amps. I am having trouble finding a power supply that does this. Any tips would be helpful. Thanks!

@firework7516

2 жыл бұрын

@@inarinukka7729 I know lab power supplies work, but I was hoping for a cheaper alternative. Thanks for the information though!

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

I actually use an ATX power supply from an old PC, coupled with a $15 adjustable buck converter from Ebay. The ATX power supplies are free if you extract them from an old or broken computer, and can supply up to 20 amps at 3.3/5/12 volts in most cases, so I've found them extremely useful in the past. I actually have a video on converting an old ATX power supply into a usable lab power supply, but it's a VERY old video, and not one of my best: kzread.info/dash/bejne/q5uqxMawnJCWkrA.html

@firework7516

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience Thanks for the info! I actually just ended up splurging and buying a lab power supply for other chem projects as well. My cell is running well and some chlorate is precipitating out already. One thing I was wondering is how to calculate the total theoretical yield based on the amount of KCl used and amperage/ volts. Thanks!

@user-eu9ef7hr6w

Жыл бұрын

@@firework7516Brother, please reply, is it necessary to measure the acidity and put materials to reduce it continuously?

@user-eu9ef7hr6w

Жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScienceBrother, please reply, is it necessary to measure the acidity and put materials to reduce it continuously?

Hello, I have a kind of salt. I don't know what kind of chloride it is, but when it touches a flame, it pops. It's table salt, but when it melts, any kind of salt pops.

Sir, to make kclo3 by electrolysis, is only KCL added and how long does it take to make it.

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

That’s an extremely broad question. Yes, potassium chloride is the starting material. The runtime of the cell will depend on many factors, including: - The size of the cell - The current - The anode/cathode choice - The current density on the anode/cathode - The temperature of the cell - The pH control For any given cell, you can calculate the theoretical production rate. This requires some understanding of stoichiometry and how charge transfer relates to current, and isn’t something I can explain in a single KZread comment. You’ll need to do some research here if this type of calculation isn’t familiar to you.

@creativesingh

Жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience ok sir thank you so much for replying

can we use titanium as an anode in this cell, is it corrosion resistant? please reply. i want to make potassium chlorate , you are great

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Nope, titanium does not work as an anode I'm afraid. It instantly passivates under anodic conditions. The only easily obtainable anodes which will work for the process are the ones I talk about at 2:26

Can I put a solution of sodium chlorate in a vacuum chamber to get the sodium chlorate out? Getting it out of solution does seem like the biggest problem for me. If heated it forms a hard plaster that's hard to remove.

@basvisscher934

3 жыл бұрын

You should do a fractional crystalisation. Use the filtrate in the next run

@mittnamn8776

3 жыл бұрын

@@basvisscher934 yes that's true. I'm just so disappointed in the yield when I do it like that as most of it remains in the solution. Btw I'm going to buy the book "The selective physical chemistry of inorganic chlorates and perchlorates" by Jared Ledgard. And hope it will help me make a good cell.

@SomeMorganSomewhere

3 жыл бұрын

​@@mittnamn8776 Might be worth trying to cool the solution prior to filtration, should reduce the solubility of the NaClO4, not sure by how much though.

can I use graphite as the anode and cathode in the cell ? THx this is very helpful

@ScrapScience

2 ай бұрын

Yes! You can. Note that the anode will slowly disintegrate and you’ll need to filter out the resulting carbon dust before crystallising the product though.

@thehawker694

2 ай бұрын

@@ScrapScience thx

Did you immerse the hose in the water in the jar or did you leave it out of contact with the water?🤔please i am waiting for reply🙏

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

Inside the jar, the hose is not submerged. We just want gas to flow through it, not solution.

Awesome! Very interesting too, question probably a stupid one is it possible to used tungsten rods for electrodes too ?

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

I know a few people have tried tungsten. It works as a cathode, but not as an anode. It does, however, also work somewhat well as a valve metal (for making an inert electrical connection to an anode material), though it tends to degrade very slowly to fill the solution with tungstate.

@hrajabi7261

3 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience I think maybe zirconium or halfnium can work for anode... Cause zirconium won't dissolve in hydrochloric acid even when current is passed through them, and it was bubbling with no seeable passivation at that voltage(bellow 9 volts I guess), (I see this on another channel talking about zirconium)

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

@@hrajabi7261 Are you sure on that? Both zirconium and hafnium are known to be quite reactive and passivate much like titanium when used as an anode. Apparently they make great valve metals or cathodes, but I struggle to believe that they make effective anodes. Do you have a link to the channel you mentioned?

@hrajabi7261

3 жыл бұрын

​​ @Scrap Science Zirconium and hafnium are less reactive than titanium. And they can be anodized to different colors like titanium. But below 9V for zirconium, there isn't a noticeable color change. I don't know about hafnium. Here's the link to the video of zirconium: kzread.info/dash/bejne/q312xNSkZZmxp7Q.html

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

@@hrajabi7261 Thanks for the link. I'm afraid the zirconium in the video is definitely passivating under those electrolysis conditions (since no gas is being generated by the anode while current flows). The absence of a colour change doesn't necessarily mean it's not anodising (for example, aluminium anodises without any clear colour change). To work as an anode in a chlorate cell, a general rule is that the anode material needs to be more difficult to oxidise than metallic gold. Despite the fact that zirconium and hafnium don't react with many acids at room temperature, they are still reasonably easy metals to oxidise (making them undesirable anodes).

hey man. i built a simple chlorate cell out of 400ml coffe jar and 3 anodes of battery graphite and one cathode the same size as anodes im getting crystals out of the solution but theyre very small and fluffy, would you know why? maybe its the pores of graphite or the fact that electrodes are pretty far from the bottom i really don't know

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

The crystal size is dependent on many factors including the temperature, rate of production, trace contaminants in solution, and many more, so it's nearly impossible to predict the overall size of the crystals you make. If you want bigger crystals, you can just recrystallise your product.

@revolution5547

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience i really appreciate your answer, i don't know how you manage to reply to all off those comments. im guessing the crystals could be the way they are because of the carbon contamination and temperature, contamination isn't terrible but still there(grey crystals) and temperature stays pretty low, production rate is medium, i got 3cm layer in 2 days. thanks anyways.

hey I made a 5v 1 amp cell from graphite rods and the reaction is left to happen for sufficient duration just like yours but I am not getting any crystals on leaving or drying, though the solution was fully saturated, is it something to do with current density? my electrodes are really low in surface area, around 3 cm ^ 2 each

@ScrapScience

11 ай бұрын

I'm going to need a little more information to figure out what's going on here. First of all, how big is your cell? The runtime will be proportional to the volume you're using. Additionally, how are you maintaining 1 amp? Do you have a current controlled power supply or are you relying on an AC adaptor? And finally, how are you attempting to extract the chlorate? What do you mean by 'leaving or drying'?

Hello brother, please, I have a question. Does leaving the electrodes in the cell without current flowing, does that constitute harm?

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

Yes. In most cases, leaving the electrodes in the solution without current flowing through them will damage them significantly over long periods of time.

Thanks sir.can you describe why pbo2 anode decrease current after one day running.

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Is this a reaction you've tried yourself that you want to troubleshoot? If so, you're going to need to provide way more information if you want me to figure out what happened. Did you make the anode yourself? If so, what did you make it from? What were you electrolysing? What is the surface area of the anode? How much current did you run through the cell? And at what voltage? And what temperature? What was the concentration of your electrolyte? I'm afraid it's very difficult to help without all this information.

Just wondering how you added more potassium chloride half way through. You mentioned you added 120g. Did you just spoon it in? Or make a fresh solution?

@ScrapScience

7 ай бұрын

Yeah, I pretty much just slowly spooned it in. The chloride was added directly to the solution in the cell. I think I also added a bit of water to bring the volume back up to what it was at the start, but I can't quite remember.

I wonder how big you could go with a cell? Are there current limits as well.

Does the chlorine gas not corrode the metal lid? What protection do you have on the inside of the lid?

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

The bottom of the lid of the jar is completely coated in a very thick layer of plastic. I'm not exactly sure what type of plastic it is (maybe polyethylene?), but it holds up to the chlorine extremely well.

@Berghiker

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience What about silicon sealant. That's what I used. I havent run the cell yet.

Could you make a video on how to turn that potassium chlorate into potassium perchlorate? There aren't good ones around. I guess it's more tricky to do through electrolysis than starting with sodium perchlorate in a double displacement reaction. Still, a video of making potassium perchlorate in a double displacement reaction would also be very cool. Those videos are very limited

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Perchlorates are definitely a plan for a future video. Electrolysis of potassium chlorate to make potassium perchlorate isn't actually a viable option though (the solubility of the chlorate salt is just too low for it to be meaningfully efficient). Instead, the plan is to first produce sodium perchlorate (by electrolysis of the sodium chlorate we made in a different video), and then convert that product to the potassium salt by double displacement. So ultimately, it'll involve a bit of both electrolysis and double displacement. It's a little while away at this stage though, I'm still in the process of getting hold of the right type of anode for the electrolysis step.

@MrJebus015

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience nice! The anodes are expensive and lots of fake out there. A platinum coated titanium anode could work but i think lead dioxide is better for perchlorates. Could be wrong though. Love your videos, very instructional and entertaining!

@bromisovalum8417

Жыл бұрын

@@MrJebus015 Also, you could make your own Pt coated anodes, but apparently the process is very finicky, and the application of an even layer of Pt can be hard to achieve.

@noneedtoknow5315

Жыл бұрын

​@@bromisovalum8417and dangerous! Platinosis sounds horrible!

@user-in8bz3kd7d

6 ай бұрын

​@@ScrapScienceBrother, have you ever made lead gunpowder? I heard that lead is smokeless gunpowder. I searched all over the Internet and found no videos of making lead gunpowder. There are also impact powders. The firing pin will ring when it hits.

Why it will generate cl if it's the part of the end Product of NaClO2 or 3 ?

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

I'm not sure I understand your question. Cl2 is only generated in large quantities at the start of the process, before the cell becomes basic enough for hypochlorite production. After the cell becomes basic, the production of chlorine gas is a very minor by-product of the cell, and most of the current goes towards hypochlorite/chlorate production.

@omsingharjit

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience now i understand thanks

Hello brother, please, I have a question. In fact, I want to make a sodium chlorate cell. I used a pint bottle and prepared the anode of the carbon electrode and the cathode is a mixed metal. Will the sodium chlorate settle to the bottom or will it be in the solution? Does these electrodes produce high quality chlorate, and when will I add sodium chloride to the cell after turning it on, please? Reply Thank you 👍👍👍

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

1) Sodium chlorate is more soluble than sodium chloride, so it will not gather in the bottom of the cell in the same way potassium chlorate does. Sodium chlorate will only crystallise once you have added multiple batches of sodium chloride to the cell, though a large portion will still remain in solution. 2) Those electrodes will work, yes. Though I'm not sure what you mean by 'mixed metal' in this context. Since you're using a carbon anode, you will need to filter the resulting carbon powder out of your product at the end, and your final chlorate will likely be slightly discoloured by microscopic carbon dust. 3) You'll need to calculate when you need to add more sodium chloride based on when you predict the chloride concentrations will drop below 50g/L. To do this, you'll need to work out how quickly you're consuming chloride based on the reaction stoichiometry, current, and cell efficiency (the latter usually being around 55%).

Hello, brother, I have a question. Do we use distilled water to prepare the sodium chloride solution, or do we use ordinary water? Thank you

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

Definitely distilled water

@hillammowallaf6237

Жыл бұрын

Hello please I have a question when will I add sodium chloride to the cell What are the signs that the concentration of sodium chloride is low in the cell

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

If you're making a sodium chlorate cell, there are no clear signs that tell you when the sodium chloride concentration is low. You'll have to do some maths here in order to predict when you'll be running out of salt in the cell. If you're using cheap electrodes (like carbon/graphite), one option might be to wait until the voltage of the cell rises (or the current drops, depending on how you've got your power supply set up). However this technique will burn through your anodes very quickly, since a voltage rise only occurs when the choride concentration is extremely low and the anode is already being quickly damaged.

Can you provide a link/source for the electrodes? Thanks.

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

For this video, I got my electrodes from electrodesupply.com/

19:56 would that be great to have this “waste”water to the next batch?Or will the fuuk up the electrodes?

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Yep, the resulting solution is an ideal feed for future runs, since it's already saturated with chlorate, and you won't be wasting anything. Provided you add a bunch of additional chloride to the solution, nothing bad will happen to the electrodes. You could probably continue cycling solutions like this hundreds of times if you wanted to.

@KulKlas

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience that was what I thinking also, it’s like when you refind fertilizer , you more you do ,your less drop off you get! And 15:05 by adding it to a higher dish you can prevent this kristall build up! Where do you buy this MMO electrodes? And also wery nice work you do ther Harry! And sorry form my bad english! Its not my main language as you can see! Peace!

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

I get my electrodes from electrodesupply.com/ They're pretty high quality for the price, as far as I can tell. And I'm glad you enjoyed!

10:57 can you make video on ph and temp control process of this cell

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Sorry, I'm not planning on making any chlorate cells more advanced than this one.

I have done what you say in the video, i used a stainless steel spoon as a cathode and a graphite piece get from a pencil , i made the solution , inserted 5 gram of nacl and i started the electrolysis , the current was 5v at 0.55 amp , i waited like 3 day and tried to extract the sodium chlorate but nothing happend , i have only made bleach, can someone tell me the problem of the cell?

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

5 grams is nowhere near enough material to run a cell like this (unless your design only had a volume of 15 mL). You need to start with a saturated solution and will likely need to continue adding sodium chloride as electrolysis progresses in order to start precipitating chlorate.

@freexe392

Жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience thank you bro , you helped me so much

Where did you get the electrodes from, esp. the anode is quite special?

@ScrapScience

8 ай бұрын

I got my electrodes from an electrode supply website that seems to no longer exist (which is a shame, since they sold high quality platinum and MMO anodes). For now, I can't actually guarantee the authenticity of any sellers, but you can often find some MMO anodes (and titanium cathodes) on Ebay or AliExpress.

If you held the sol. at pH 6.3, where ClO converts via reaction in solution raising efficiency...how then do you have plenty of OH- present to react at electrode with Cl- to generate the ClO- ??? Do u let the pH cycle high to make some ClO, then low to 6.3 to allow it to react into ClO3, and repeat this cycling pH? As u describe it sounds as if u hold it steady at slight acidity...which is needed H+ ions to let the rxn carry in soon. But wouldnt your OH- gen just be converted to water and u have little or no OH- to react w the Cl- to yield the ClO-?? Or with the electrode planes set up very close to each other, can u achieve localized areas of different ph, where OH- is made and as its pushed upward by bubbles it diffuses quickly over to the positive electrode to react w Cl- b4 it has a chance to be pushed out into the "bulk" soln and react w H+ into water??? So uve a tiny volume between your plates where the ph locally is higher bc moving OH- between electrodes. Yet most OH- diffuses and is used to make ClO at very close electrode b4 contacting an H+ and turning to water; if this could be maximized it could be very optimal if nearly all OH- contacted and reacted at + electrode.... this way only trace amts would "leak" into bulk soln volume and neutralize back into water wasting electricity and acid to continuously bring pH back down. Maybe put positive under negative electrode so the rising bubbles carry current right up over and through the positive electrode mesh delivering the just made.OH- straight to the + electrode. Could even include this in a small diameter tube-oval like container, just big enough to go around the electrodes w - on bottom and + on top inside. This way a current upward would carry all gen. OH- to the + elect. and being inside a tube it couldnt mix w outside bulk volume until all of it passed over the + elect. and finally what was left if any comes out the top of the tube and boils over into the bulk volume, cycling slowly back down to b pulled in at the bottom again.

@ScrapScience

3 ай бұрын

A great question! The answer lies in the fact that my explanation of the reaction is a little oversimplified so that I could keep things brief. In reality, it's not just OH- ions that are able to react with chlorine. Even in water at the ideal pH=6.7, the vast majority of chlorine is still dissolved to form hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid. You can see the form that chlorine likes to take at any pH under equilibrium conditions on a graph like this: tinyurl.com/yckf2t3j We do still lose a miniscule amount of chlorine under these conditions (because the timeframe for this equilibrium to stabilise is longer than the timeframe of chlorine leaving the cell), hence why the pH slowly raises as the cell runs. The amount of efficiency lost by this chlorine-loss process is so small that it would be ridiculous to put any effort into preventing it. You can see on this (somewhat accurate) graph that a pH of 6.7 leads to a drop in efficiency of less than 0.5% due to this issue: www.chlorates.exrockets.com/_img/clescape.gif All in all, the chlorine still happily dissolves into solution at pH=6.7 - it just reacts with water instead of OH-. As a result, cycling of pH and unique cell designs are completely unnecessary, and will actually probably lead to inefficiencies, as you generally just want to avoid having a high pH anywhere in the cell. Even though it's good for dissolving chlorine, increasing the chlorine dissolution efficiency by less than 0.5% is not worth it if you're decreasing the hypochlorite oxidation efficiency by doing so. Anyway, for a hyper-efficient chlorate cell, all you really need are a few things: - Good stirring - pH control (aiming for pH=6.7) - Temperature control to around 70 C - A small addition of dichromate or persulfate to prevent back-reduction on the cathode

My friend, what is the correct way to separate sodium chloride from chlorate? Is it useful to pour ice cold water on it or must it be recrystallized? Please reply and thank you.

@ScrapScience

17 күн бұрын

It depends on the purity you need. Generally it will require a recrystallisation or two.

How do you know when to add more KCl? Different current draw?

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

I had initially calculated a run-time based on a 60% cell efficiency such that there was still 50 g/L worth of chloride in the cell. Additionally, I checked the cell daily and tried my best to estimate the point where ~80 g of chlorate had crystallised (which I had also calculated to be the point where ~50 g of chloride remained). Now that I know the average cell efficiency (50%), in any future runs, I’d just calculate the whole thing stoichiometrically. Additionally, you could probably watch for a spike in voltage as the chloride concentration drops (though this is risky for your electrodes). Or you could take regular density measurements of the solution, and add more KCl whenever the density drops below 1.1 g/L.

@fieroboom

3 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience awesome info, thanks! 😁👍

Very good video! Could you if it is not a problem to explain the process of purification and recrystallization of Kclo3 obtained from Sodium Hypochlorite hlorite! Thank you in advance!

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

While I'm aware of the general method for making potassium chlorate by decomposing bleach and crystalising it out with a potassium salt, I'm not planning on trying it. Additionally, I'm not aware of the intricacies of the reaction, and I don't really know how the product can be purified beyond simple recrystallisation, so I'm not going to be very much help, sorry.

@marox3G

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience Thank you for your reply! How does the general crystallization of Kclo3 obtained in any way go?

@TheFireGoose

Жыл бұрын

@@marox3G all you would have to do for a recrystallisation is dissolve the KClO3 in some hot water then place it in the fridge, or in a very cool place. Leave it for a while and flake like potassium chlorate crystals should precipitate down.

Can we use carbon electrode (graphite) instead of titanium ?

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Yep! Just be aware that if you use it as an anode, it will fill your solution with carbon particles as it falls apart, so you’ll likely need to recrystallise your final product.

@mohsenium

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience not problem bro I'll filter it

Nice tutorial sir. I love it.. how about kclo4 sir. Same process as chlorate?

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

The process for making potassium perchlorate is significantly more difficult than the chlorate production I'm describing here. The operating conditions, electrode choices, and overall chemistry are rather different. I'll eventually be making a video on the topic, but that likely won't be for quite some time.

@denzouatiro

Жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience copy that sir.. I'll be waiting that soon.. am a hobby of expireminting something different..

Im working on a sodium chlorate cell, it works well, but i dont see any bubbles coming out of the NaOH solution when i run it, should i stop and try to get an even better seal on it? I dont think its leaking, because i cant smell any chlorine at all unless i open it, and pressure isnt building up either so theres no risk of explosion. What should i do? Also, my solution is completely yellow, which is not the case in some videos, is that okay? I hope you answer and thanks in advance

@ScrapScience

5 ай бұрын

Provided you’re doing this outside, an improperly sealed cell isn’t really a problem. A yellow colour, however, is generally an issue. I’ve asked you some questions about this in your other comment.

@gabriel-wv1cb

4 ай бұрын

I am having the exactly same problem

@ElPsyCongroo.

4 ай бұрын

@@gabriel-wv1cb hey, I did solve it. I don't know if you are referring to the color, but it's apparently nanoparticles of the graphite electrode, and if you are referring to not seeing any bubbles, i just used a whole lot of hot glue and it solved it. Hope it helps.

should you use distilled water at the beginning or normal?

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Distilled water is the best option

I bought a titanium cathode bar but when I apply 0.5A of current at the cathode it forms a brown coating that reduces conductivity. How can I overcome this?

@basvisscher934

3 жыл бұрын

The titanium should be on the negative side. What do you use as anode? I think your anode is the wrong material. Also what boltage do you run the cell at?

@joseheredia9275

3 жыл бұрын

@@basvisscher934 I am using Iron as the anode because I am doing batches of ferric oxide and I wanted a cathode that didn't corrode.

@joseheredia9275

3 жыл бұрын

@@basvisscher934 the voltage is 5v.

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

It really depends on what solution you're electrolysing. If you're making iron oxide, it might be various iron hydroxides forming on the cathode, or maybe your electrolyte has some impurity causing the brown coating.

@joseheredia9275

3 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience why would iron hydroxide form on the cathode, aren't they supposed to form on the anode? I am using tap water, what electrolyte would you recommend?

Can we use titanium for both anode and cathode. If so what will happen sir.

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Bare titanium can't be used as an anode. If you try, the titanium will passivate with a layer of titanium dioxide over the surface, and current will quickly stop flowing. The only viable (and relatively cheap) anode options for the average experimenter are graphite, MMO, and platinum.

Has anyone here ever tested any semiconductors with a chlorate cell? Specifically I'm thinking of the kinds that work with ceramic heating elements. The really high temperature ones I don't have, I can't test because of its expense is the kind they use for the super high temperature kilns, the ones where all standard metal filaments would melt so they have to use the special ceramic semiconductor. Anyone know what I'm talking about? anyone have one of those? They're expensive so I understand why you wouldn't want to waste one just for that purpose, but if you have one that broke that obviously will be no longer good for your kiln, I would be interested in it, or perhaps you can test it out for me?

18:25 I would love to see that, even though it’s similar, it’s still good for learning

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

Well you're in luck! The video is already here: kzread.info/dash/bejne/gGhpps6QfLSYYZs.html

I have 3in x 2in mmo electrodes rated at 200mA per cm^2. How much current can these take? I did the math but I think I'm off by a factor 2 lol

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

If you've got a cathode placed on either side of the electrode, both sides of the anode will act effectively as the reaction site, and you can run up to 15 amps through it without worrying. If you've only got a cathode on one side however, you should run the cell at less than half that current.

@snowdaysrule

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience Ah okay gotcha appreciate the response. Interesting to hear how the cathode count affects the anode operating current. I had purchased two cathodes just in case but depending on the current from the pc power supply may end up using just one of them.

How might one modify this to convert LiCl into the perchlorate?

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

If you have a pure platinum anode, it might be feasible to electrolyse a solution of lithium chloride all the way to lithium perchlorate. Otherwise it might be easier to produce ammonium perchlorate, add lithium hydroxide, and boil off the resulting ammonia. Lithium perchlorate will be left in solution in this case.

Ok.in place we are titanium or mmo or other anode arent available so only lead and graphite.is possilotble guidance how to make a lead dioxide substrate graphite anode. Thank's a lot .

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

I’d seriously recommend using graphite alone (without any lead dioxide) as the anode if those are the materials available to you. The effort involved in plating the graphite with PbO2 is not worth the low quality electrode you’ll get. A homemade PbO2 on graphite anode doesn’t often work much better than graphite on its own. It will fall apart either way (though I suppose bare graphite will disintegrate slightly faster). If you really need a graphite substrate lead dioxide electrode (which again, I would advise against), see here: kzread.info/dash/bejne/aahhkqeclNKanLg.html

@abasabasi2328

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience thanks a lot for pay attention and answer questions. Do you have any advice about graphite from gouging rod or extract from batteries. I test in amateur cell they haven't good profit and so fast corrodes snd also contaminated the solution if what i control the maximum current.

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Extracting graphite electrodes from batteries is a messy process, but it will work if you’re prepared to do that. Gouging rods usually have a copper coating, which you’ll have to peel off, sand off, or dissolve off with acid before use. This is also quite time consuming unless you have nitric acid. Once you have graphite anodes, it is very important that you run them at a very low current density (less than 30mA per square centimetre is ideal) to minimise disintegration. The contamination you will get in your chlorate is just graphite powder, which is not a chemical impurity, so you can remove it with a recrystallisation or two.

Sir how to make from NaClO2 to NaClO3??

Does gold work as electrod insted of platinum? And what about sodium chloride?

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

Gold will quickly fall apart as an anode I'm afraid. Sodium chloride will work pretty much the same, but sodium chlorate is actually more soluble than the original sodium chloride, so you have to run a few cycles before anything starts crystallising.

@adhikarisarthak8660

3 жыл бұрын

thank you very much.

@omsingharjit

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience but gold supposed to be inert like Platinum isn't it

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

@@omsingharjit Yes, gold is very inert, but not quite inert enough for this process, since the combination of oxidisers is enough to attack it quite quickly. Platinum is even less reactive, so it can be used without degradation.

When gas comes out of a rubber tube connected to an electrolyzer and encounters sodium hydroxide, is there no fear of gas leaking around?

@user-fe8ss7cm7g

5 ай бұрын

Does it mean that the electrolytic tank is sealed if the gas comes out well through the rubber tube?

@ScrapScience

5 ай бұрын

Leaks are not a big concern when doing this outside. The amount of chlorine generated is rather minimal (most of the gas is hydrogen). And yes, if gas flows through the tube, it means the cell is adequately sealed.

Sorry to bother you, my friend, but this is the last question about sodium chlorate! When I finish the electrolysis process, I heat the solution and filter it well. I evaporate it completely through a metal bowl until not a drop of water remains in the bowl and only the salt remains. When I mix this salt with sugar, it ignites well, but the remaining chloride in the chlorate makes the ignition a little weak. Is there a way to separate it from Chlorate

@ScrapScience

16 күн бұрын

Yes. Recrystallisation is the only means of doing this.

Great video, but I think mix H2+ Cl2 in the plastic tube, is very dangerous because is very explosive and produce very toxic HCL gas.

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

That's a fair concern. However, the amount of chlorine is incredibly minimal compared to the amount of hydrogen flowing through the tube (they're not generated in equivalent stoichiometric amounts). It doesn't pose a large explosion hazard in this particular mixture.

love this channel😍 making explosives with salt

Can I use lead dioxide electrodes instead ??? Because I don't have any typicall MMO electrodes

@karolus28

3 жыл бұрын

yeah

@Prchemist06

3 жыл бұрын

@@karolus28 with the same setup ?

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

It really depends on how your lead dioxide electrodes have been made. If they are professionally made PbO2 anodes, or you've made them by plating PbO2 onto titanium or graphite, you can use them in a cell just like this one (though you can't use any dichromate additives). If your anodes are homemade, they're likely to fall apart slightly and contaminate your product with toxic lead salts, which you'll need to remove somehow. If your PbO2 anode is simply made by anodising lead metal, it shouldn't ever be used to make chlorate, as it will fall apart and generate a highly toxic mess in your cell without yielding much chlorate at all.

@Prchemist06

3 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience I had made the PbO2 electrodes by electrolysis of Lead metal in 20% H2SO4.But when I made it some brown stuff had fallen on the chlorate ,I think it can be potassium plumbate.

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

Yeah, please don't poison yourself with those anodes. PbO2 on lead metal should never be used for electrolysis of anything other than a sulfate or carbonate solution (even then, great care should be taken). If you want to make chlorate safely, you need a proper anode in order to avoid contaminating your product with various toxic lead salts.

How to make a castercleaner cell that produces sodium hypochlorite

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

I haven't made a Castner-Kellner cell yet, and I don't plan on it due to the requirement of using mercury. However, I have a bunch of videos on the diaphragm process (which does the exact same thing): 1) kzread.info/dash/bejne/ZGGYlsaCiLS0Z5s.html (this one's a really old video, and I didn't really understand the chemistry at the time, I wouldn't bother with this one honestly) 2) kzread.info/dash/bejne/hoh1yZZ_Zdavido.html (this one explains the chemistry of a diaphragm cell in detail) 3) kzread.info/dash/bejne/gaZ5s817f9vTqMo.html (this one has me determining the optimal conditions for building a diaphragm cell) 4) kzread.info/dash/bejne/m458l8h7YMyzZ7g.html (this one goes over building a practical cell) 5) kzread.info/dash/bejne/ameeupeNm8vKj7Q.html (this one goes over the whole process for potassium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide) The videos are mostly centred on making sodium hydroxide (or for the last one, potassium hydroxide) rather than hypochlorite, but the process can be easily augmented to make hypochlorite by reacting the chlorine gas output with the generated hydroxide solution in each case.

hey! could someone here tell me if KNO3+NaClO3=KClO3+NaNO3 would work? i think it should but im not sure. potassium nitrate is alot cheaper in my country

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

That will do the trick. However, potassium nitrate isn't the best choice here, since it exhibits a low solubility at low temperatures. In order to separate out some pure potassium chlorate, you'll probably need to keep the solution relatively warm after you mix the two together (room temperature should do) in order to avoid crystallising any nitrate out with your product. If potassium nitrate is the only potassium salt you can get, then go for it. Otherwise, potassium chloride is definitely better.

@revolution5547

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience so youre saying double displacement isn't efficient? that there is still NaClO3 and KNO3 in the soloution? if thats the case i should be able to squeeze almost everything out by concentrating it again by boiling it further down. if i understand that correctly i think rhere should be no problem, just gotta deal with the chloride

@revolution5547

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience oh and one last thing before i quit bothering you😅😂 i thought of adding KNO3 directly to the chlorate cell. my only concern is that maybe it will somehow interfere with the electrolysis process

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

The problem is more in the fact that potassium nitrate will crystallise out with your potassium chlorate if you let the solution get too cold (making your crystals impure). Provided you keep the solution relatively warm, this won't be a problem though. You can definitely boil down the solution if you need to get a bit of extra yield from your crystallisation. And yeah, I'm afraid adding potassium nitrate to the cell will ruin the electrolysis process to a large degree. The nitrate ion isn't really electrochemically inert. I'm not sure exactly what would happen, but the best case scenario is that the efficiency of the cell might decrease drastically, and the worst case scenario is that you might make ammonium chlorate in solution, which has a tendency to explode or violently decompose. It's definitely something I'd avoid. Don't be concerned about bothering me either. Responding to genuine comments like yours is my favourite part of being on KZread!

@revolution5547

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience thank you for everything man. you obviously have quite a bit more knowledge in chemistry. i will experiment with the kno3 and will see how it goes. thanks again, keep up the good work! 💪

Where do you buy the platinize Titanium mesh For anode

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

electrodesupply.com/ is the best high-quality source I've found.

How to buy n how much potassium chlorate cell?

How did you know when to add more KCL to the solution?

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

I didn't have a perfect idea of when to add more KCl. I was basically just watching the chlorate crystallising out and tried to estimate the point when ~80 g of chlorate had crystallised (which I had calculated to be the point where there was still over 50 g/L of chloride in solution, so as to not harm my electrodes). I also calculated my run times based on an estimated 60% cell efficiency, and both methods seemed to give around the same result. If I were to do this again, I'd just take the known 50% cell efficiency into account and calculate things stoichiometrically.

@Berghiker

3 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience Can you make a video on that how you did all the calculations. Much appreciated.

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

Sorry, maths and stoichiometric calculations aren't really the focus of this channel, so it's unlikely I'll ever cover this in detail. However, I can point you in the direction of useful information. The following site gives a good overview of how to calculate cell runtimes: www.chlorates.exrockets.com/runtime.html

Optimal temperature of cell is 70°C or 70°F ?

@freshlybrainwashedyt1774

3 жыл бұрын

most likely C

@ScrapScience

3 жыл бұрын

Yep, Celsius

@jansuchomelLBC

3 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience Thanks!

How can I get two plates what are their names please reply.PLEASE NAME

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

I talk about the electrodes from 1:08 to 2:47. Titanium and MMO are what I'm using here.

要电解多少个小时

What power supply did you used ?

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

I used an old ATX power supply from an unwanted desktop computer, coupled with a $15 buck-boost converter (with controllable current/voltage) from Ebay.

Is it safer to store kclo3 wet with h2o or dried?

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

There aren't any safety issues for storing it either way. Just keep it away from any reducing agents and it's perfectly stable.

Is that may work instead potassium nitrate????

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

I'm not sure what you mean here. If you want to build a chlorate cell using potassium nitrate as the starting material (instead of potassium chloride), it definitely won't work. If you want to burn sugar (like the clip at the end), using potassium nitrate will work just as well as potassium chlorate.

What would happen if the chlorine was scrubbed with just water?

@ScrapScience

5 ай бұрын

In that case, the chlorine would not be absorbed properly and most of it would end up passing right through into the air.

I created a cell of anode (positive) mmo, and cathode (negative) titanium, each of them are 5 cm * 15 cm, in a cell consisting of 2 liters of water added to them 200 grams of sodium chloride and I ran the cell on 5 volts and 20 amperes Within 24 hours, some rust appeared in the solution, and the titanium electrode turned black, taking into account that the temperature was maintained between 60 to 80 degrees. What went wrong? please help me please

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

You have likely damaged your anode by doing this (hence why you saw rust - more likely to be bits of MMO - in the solution). Your salt solution is nowhere near concentrated enough, and your current is a little too high. The cathode turning black isn't a big deal, but you need to add much more salt to the solution to prevent anode deterioration, reaching a saturated solution is best.

@AhmedSabry-cz4kf

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience How much salt is added per 1000ml of water? And do I add salt to the water when the water level drops?

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

For the initial solution, you just need to add enough salt to reach a saturated solution. You'll need to calculate how much you need based on the volume of the cell. Adding additional salt to the water later on is not something you should do based on volume, but instead on how much chlorate you have made. If you want to run your cell for a long time, you need to replace the sodium chloride as it is consumed and turned into chlorate. If you do find the water level dropping excessively, then you can top it up with saturated sodium chloride, but this shouldn't be a large issue for a big cell.

@AhmedSabry-cz4kf

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience I did everything I could to produce the chlorate and add enough sodium chloride and the temperature did not exceed 65 degrees and I added a very small amount of HCl to the water that I added when the cell level fell, however, no chlorate was released to me after running 48 hours and The titanium cathode turns completely black

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

You're expecting the process to work much faster than it actually does. If you've got a cell with a volume of 2 litres, you definitely can't expect to get chlorate (especially sodium chlorate) crystallising out within two days, even at 20 amps of current. To get chlorate to crystallise out, you'll probably need to run your cell under these conditions for over three weeks, with continuous addition of sodium chloride to replace the initial material as it is transformed. If you have problems with your cathode turning black, it may be due to impurity from your sodium chloride starting material. Are you using sodium chloride in the form of cooking salt, or are you using the less pure forms of de-icing salt or sea salt?

Ddichromates works very good, but there are not compatible with all electrode materials.

You are amazing, i love chemistry since first school lesson. Now i am in Medical University and don't have time to do cool stuff. I leave in my garage whole setup to make H2SO4 from MgSO4 like u did and i can't wait to return to home to finally finish this experiment. Keep at amazing work Greetings form Poland

Can I have an anode, a carbon rod, and a slate cathode?

@ScrapScience

Жыл бұрын

Are you talking about slate as in the rock? If so, slate is non-conductive and won't work as an electrode. Carbon is a good choice for an anode though.

What Molar was your sodium hydroxide solution?......or how many grams per litre?

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

The concentration of sodium hydroxide in the gas scrubber isn't important at all, it just needs to remain basic so that it can absorb the chlorine gas.

@Berghiker

2 жыл бұрын

​@@ScrapScience It's obvious and logical that it can only handle so much before it can't absorb anymore or am I wrong? During the whole process, did you smell any chlorine?

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

Yes that's correct, and you'll need to have enough sodium hydroxide in solution to absorb all of the chorine. However, predicting how much you'll need is nearly impossible because the amount of chlorine generated in one of these cells depends on too many factors. You can just start with a solution of ~10 g of sodium hydroxide, and then if you notice the scrubber getting less basic over time, you can add more as you go.

Where can you buy such platinum electrodes?

@ScrapScience

2 жыл бұрын

You can get platinum electrodes, along with titanium and MMO electrodes from electrodesupply.com/ I can confidently say that the electrodes sold there are authentic.

@dirtyharry9054

2 жыл бұрын

@@ScrapScience Electrode does not break at 30 amps