9.3 Hybridization | General Chemistry
Chad provides a lesson on hybridization and hybrid orbitals. The lesson begins with an introduction to Valence Bond Theory which describes a bond as resulting from the overlap of atomic orbitals. It is then shown how it is not possible for carbon to be using its 's' and 'p' orbitals to form bonds with the hydrogen atoms in CH4 (methane) as it would not result in the proper bond angles (109.5 degrees). The combination of carbon's 's' and 'p' orbitals results in the creation of four sp3 hybrid orbitals that are oriented 109.5 degrees apart, and these are responsible for bond formation when overlapping with the 's' orbitals of the hydrogen atoms.
The lesson is concluded by showing how to determine the hybridization of an atom based upon the number of electron domains around it:
2 electron domains = sp hybridization
3 electron domains = sp2 hybridization
4 electron domains = sp3 hybridization
5 electron domains = sp3d hybridization
6 electron domains = sp3d2 hybridization
The last two, sp3d and sp3d2 hybridization only occur with expanded octets which are only possible for elements in the 3rd row of the periodic table or below which will have d orbitals in their valence shell.
I've embedded this playlist as a course on my website with all the lessons organized by chapter in a collapsible menu and much of the content from the study guide included on the page. Check this lesson out at www.chadsprep.com/chads-gener...
If you want all my study guides, quizzes, final exam reviews, and practice exams, check out my General Chemistry Master Course (free trial available) at www.chadsprep.com/genchem-you...
00:00 Lesson Introduction
00:53 Hybrid Orbitals Explained - Valence Bond Theory
04:16 sp3 Hybridization in CH4
10:36 sp vs sp2 vs sp3 Hybridization
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Пікірлер: 143
no lie this is the only explanation that I've gotten that makes perfect sense to me. thank you so much
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
You're very welcome - glad it helped!
THAT WAS LITERALLY THE BEST EXPLANATION ABOUT HYBRID ORBITALS THAT I HAVE EVER WATCHED!! THANK YOU SO MUCH EVERYTHING MAKES SO MUCH SENSE NOW
@ChadsPrep
8 ай бұрын
EXCELLENT! 😁😁😁
This was literally what i had been looking for this whole time. Such great explanation, i appreciate it so much.
@ChadsPrep
10 ай бұрын
You're welcome - Glad it was helpful!
you are a real chad , Chad .....this really helped me and that one illustration at the end removed the confusion I've had with this topic for the past few months
@ChadsPrep
5 ай бұрын
Glad it helped!
I've searched every chemistry video on youtube for this topic but non was able to explain as vastly as you have. You literally blew my mind i just had to immediately subscribe. Words can't explain how grateful I'm for your help on this topic. ❤❤
@ChadsPrep
4 күн бұрын
Glad you found us - Happy Studying!
Thank you so much for this lesson! My professor didn't teach it as efficiently and with an exam coming up with hybridization as one of the covered topics, I was concerned with my lack of comprehension. You explained this so well in a manner that was so easy to understand. I can't stress how thankful I am :D
@ChadsPrep
Жыл бұрын
Excellent - I hope you do well on your exam!
Extremely Helpful. Thank you for also putting the chapters in order. It helps for those of us lacking the proper prereqs but are trying to get ahead!!
@ChadsPrep
5 ай бұрын
Glad it is helping you.
So helpful and so organized! Thank you! Breaking it down into two visual steps really helped. Also, one of the best youtube "calls to action" I've heard in a long time. :-)
@ChadsPrep
Ай бұрын
Thanks for saying so - Happy Studying!
Thank you so much! This makes a lot of sense in such a short video! Thank you for you hard work explaining this and making such a nice video, too!
@ChadsPrep
8 ай бұрын
You're very welcome!
This is the best explanation of Hybridization. I have been looking for this for like an hour
@ChadsPrep
6 ай бұрын
Glad you found us - Happy Studying!
I was struggling in this topic but now I understand it. You have the best explanation that I have ever watched. THANK YOU SO MUCH!
@ChadsPrep
6 ай бұрын
Glad to hear it - you are most welcome!
A beautiful explanation, I could finally understand thoroughly regarding my upcoming Chemistry Worksheet, God Bless You Chad
@ChadsPrep
9 ай бұрын
Glad to hear it and Thank You.
damn your a life saver, my professor sucks at explaining things. They spent an hour trying to explain hybridization and you did it better in a quarter of the time
@ChadsPrep
10 ай бұрын
Glad the video helped you - Happy Studying!
you're amazing and your comment at the end about calling your mom and telling her you love her was adorable I LOVE YOU CHAD
@ChadsPrep
8 ай бұрын
Thanks for saying so.
This helped me a lot while studying on AP Chemistry. Thanks for explaining it briefly!!
@ChadsPrep
10 ай бұрын
You're welcome - glad it did!
Thank you so much this is literally a 1 hour lecture in 20 minutes and explained so much better!!! You are doin amazin work
@ChadsPrep
3 ай бұрын
You're welcome and Thank You!
This was so helpful! I couldn't find any other explanation that made sense to me!
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
This helped me so much! I have an organic chemistry exam today and this explained it so well! Thank you!
@ChadsPrep
4 ай бұрын
Most welcome - hope you do well on your exam!
Great work, makes so much sense compared to what I learnt in the lecture halls. Look forward to seeing more of your vids
@ChadsPrep
Ай бұрын
Glad you found us - Happy Studying!
I'm so excited for your video. In the class my professor teach very quickly but when I watch your video, I understand. From Vietnam!
@ChadsPrep
6 ай бұрын
Glad to hear it - Happy Studying from USA!
You have no idea how much this video helped mee. It all makes sense now... Thank u sm chad! ❤
@ChadsPrep
Ай бұрын
You're welcome - Glad to hear it!
thank you so much sir. kindly please do NOT stop uploading videos. may god bless you and all of your efforts
@ChadsPrep
5 ай бұрын
You're welcome and Thank You.
Today I found this this Channel and am already a big fan,. great explanation, students need intuition of whats exactly happening and how
@ChadsPrep
Ай бұрын
Glad you found us - Happy Studying!
You do a great job explaining a contrived system! Can’t wait until we actually figure out how electrons “work”
@ChadsPrep
2 жыл бұрын
In person, I would often tell my students at the end of this lesson that "Oh, by the way, this is all really a lie." The look on their faces was priceless. We don't have any perfect models but they all have their utility. I'll be releasing a new lesson on Molecular Orbital Theory later this week and we'll get a little closer to reality. 🙂
@estimatingonediscoveringthree
2 жыл бұрын
@@ChadsPrep we homeschool, we are using a curriculum that I’m very unsatisfied with…we are subscribing to your master classes so we can actually get through the sophistry and learn something. Thank you
@estimatingonediscoveringthree
2 жыл бұрын
@@ChadsPrep (I have to ask, have you looked into the spherical geometry atomic model? Just a thought. They are developing modeling programs for it. It explains octet rule and radioactivity better then anything else I have considered)
My sincere thanks on a very interested lesson of hybridization.
@ChadsPrep
2 ай бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
this was the explanation I needed for my exam!! Thanks, Chad!
@ChadsPrep
Жыл бұрын
Glad to hear it - hope you do well on your exam!
thank you! could you please explain if C is always obligated to undergo promotion in order to get hybridized?
Brilliant Work Sir. Love from India
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
Thank You from USA
thank you so much, this makes so much more sense
@ChadsPrep
2 ай бұрын
Very welcome
this whole time, I was just wondering: where does that unhybridized orbital go?? I really appreciate this video as someone who needs to know what is going on in depth, and this explanation was perfect. I have your next videos queued up!
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
Awesome! Welcome to the channel :)
Thank you....I now understand...May God bless you
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
You're welcome and Thank You!
what if we are given the molecular formula and asked to explain the hybridization and determine its type, and then draw Lewis structure and predict the geometry. So we cannot know the number of electron domains.
thank you for explaining so good!!
@ChadsPrep
Ай бұрын
Very welcome!
Thank you for this great explanation
@ChadsPrep
10 ай бұрын
You are welcome!
TYSM BRO. Your 10 minutes of teaching >>>> teachers at my school
@ChadsPrep
4 ай бұрын
Glad it helped you out!
Would you mind o share that what type of hybridisation is present in HF? Is it SP or SP2 or SP3? and please explain. TIA
Wow this is what I've been looking for
@ChadsPrep
5 ай бұрын
Glad you found us!
Phenomenal explanation
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
Thank you
Thanks so much Chad!
@ChadsPrep
Жыл бұрын
You're welcome.
Thank you Chad.
@ChadsPrep
Ай бұрын
Very welcome, LF.
Great 👍 pure teaching skill ❤
@ChadsPrep
3 күн бұрын
Thank you! 😃
Beautiful Explanation
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
Thank You
This was the explanation i need in my exam Thank you sir ❤ From 🇮🇳India
@ChadsPrep
5 ай бұрын
You are most welcome - from USA.
I love this explanation ❤
@ChadsPrep
27 күн бұрын
Excellent!
14:26 hello!!! first off, i love your videos and you have the best chemistry channel on here hands down. next, i had a question on this part of the video. you said that one of the electrons in the lone pair on CO is going to be in one of the sp hybrids. where is the other electron? i am trying to to visual lose the sp hybridization with CO but i got a little lost. can you help? thank you😄😃😃
@edenassraf5196
4 ай бұрын
sorry also one more thing! in the beginning at 1:49 , the overlapping s orbitals are not hybrids correct? hybridization only occurs between the orbitals of a single atom? thank you!
@edenassraf5196
4 ай бұрын
Please help 😢😫
The best explanation ever😊
@ChadsPrep
8 ай бұрын
Thank you
you are good sir
Chad - can you explain why my wife left me please
@ChadsPrep
Ай бұрын
Yikes! Something to do with General Chemistry???
At 4:40 how is there only 4 valence electrons? When I see 6. Do you just ignore the 1s2 or something?
@derrennicholaskwee8752
9 ай бұрын
if you want to see the full diagram then of course 1s2 would be included, although in hybridization, only the last 2 orbital should be considered as they are the one that will be combined after all.
I just found this channel and I must say you are a great teacher. I have a question that the geometries of these hybrid orbitals are not fixed these are generally obtained, right?
@Periwinkle-oo4uz
6 ай бұрын
e.g an sp3 orbital is mostly a tetrahedral but it might also be a pyramidal or V-shaped and why is that
@ChadsPrep
6 ай бұрын
It depends on the number of bonding electron domains and nonbonding electron domains (i.e. lone pairs) on the central atom. For sp3 hybridized central atoms: 4 bonding domains = tetrahedral 3 bonding / 1 nonbonding = trigonal pyramidal 2 bonding / 2 nonbonding = bent The molecular geometry is named based upon where the atoms are located around the central atom (it doesn't factor in where the lone pairs of electrons are located). This video from earlier in the chapter expounds on this: kzread.info/dash/bejne/ZKqas9awic6qpMo.html Hope this helps!
@Periwinkle-oo4uz
6 ай бұрын
@@ChadsPrepThankyou it explains! and sorry for replying so late
@ChadsPrep
6 ай бұрын
@@Periwinkle-oo4uz Most welcome.
At 14:20 isn't it a bit wrong that in CO the C's SP has only one electron in the first box? I mean the the first hybridized orbital is fully occupied so there should be both lone electrons in the box (up and down arrows)?
@tapio8417
9 ай бұрын
Great video btw so thanks for that!
@ChadsPrep
8 ай бұрын
Hey Tapio! This is one of the 'rules' in orbital diagrams that we fill empty orbitals first before pairing up electrons because electrons in their own orbitals experience less repulsion than in an up/down spin pair. Best way I found to remember this is if you got on a bus you would find an empty seat before sitting next to someone (if they are a stranger anyway)
@tapio8417
8 ай бұрын
Ah yea of course! Thanks for the reply!@@ChadsPrep
@ChadsPrep
8 ай бұрын
@@tapio8417 no worries happy to help :)
does every bond with every compound ever have hybrid orbitals? or is this a special thing for a few compounds?
@ChadsPrep
6 ай бұрын
Hey Noah - are you asking if all bond types are hybrid orbitals? Only sigma (single bonds) if so
bless your heart
@ChadsPrep
10 ай бұрын
Thank you
راقي استمر
@ChadsPrep
Ай бұрын
Thank you
THANK YOU SO MUCH
@ChadsPrep
2 ай бұрын
You're VERY welcome!
I love you. It’s finally clicking
@ChadsPrep
3 ай бұрын
Glad to hear it!
Great video
@ChadsPrep
8 ай бұрын
Thank you
thank youuuu!!!!
@ChadsPrep
5 ай бұрын
Yooouuuuur'e Welcome!
THANK YOU SO MUCH🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
@ChadsPrep
8 ай бұрын
You're welcome 😊
i’m in organic chemistry now and all this info went down the drain after gen chem lol. thanks for your help!!
@ChadsPrep
Жыл бұрын
Glad the channel is helping you - Happy Studying!
Very helpful
@ChadsPrep
8 ай бұрын
Glad to hear it.
Couldn't get in touch with my mom, so I smashed that like button for you.
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
Awesome!
Thank u so much 😭😭😭😭😭u saved me😢😢
@ChadsPrep
5 ай бұрын
Most welcome - glad the video helped you!
very nice
@ChadsPrep
Жыл бұрын
Thank you
helping me so much before my exam
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
Awesome!
LOVE
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
:)
Goat
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
Thx
This must be ver
@ChadsPrep
7 ай бұрын
:)