I see you're going for the casual pope look 😂

@kmc7355

3 жыл бұрын

😂

@joshf7321

3 жыл бұрын

😂

@poolpulse3447

3 жыл бұрын

😁😁

@desolation11

3 жыл бұрын

🤣🤣🤣

@nevisysbryd7450

3 жыл бұрын

Well, God did indicate his blessing with that rainbow...

Makes sense, they wanted maximal Penetration to get their Man down for good and not a distance record while knocking lightly on his Helmet to tell him; "Hi, I'm over here and it will take me some time to reload".

@heldermonteiro2718

3 жыл бұрын

Old crossbows have very little draw length

@keepermovin5906

3 жыл бұрын

@@heldermonteiro2718 but you do need a windless to load most of them

@Hfil66

3 жыл бұрын

I would have thought it depends on who they are fighting. If they are defending against heavy cavalry then penetration is what matters, but if they are looking at lighter armoured opponents then it may well be the earliest moment of engagement (i.e. engagement at greatest distance, preferably before they are in range to shoot back at you) might be the better option.

@nikolaushimsel7938

3 жыл бұрын

max distance of turkish bow ~400 meters, but what an arrow was used.. for practical pusposes unusable.

@winterzahn

2 жыл бұрын

Hellequin, with these thick bolts they never got penetration, they generated impact, but not penetration thru armor... putting deeper dents nto a knights armor instead of a hole, that is what they did. No chance they put holes into steel armor and arrow penetrating 10cm thru hole when using 20mm arrowheads

No pot of gold at the end of the rainbow, but a Tod with a crossbow. Poetic!

@IamOutOfNames

3 жыл бұрын

What was not shown in this video was dead leprechaun with crossbow bolt in his back, next to a empty pot.

@michaelu3055

3 жыл бұрын

@@IamOutOfNames well of course what else do you think he was aiming for

@fritzwilhelm8258

Жыл бұрын

"Faith and Begorrah! "

"But it got me thinkin'...", it always gets good after that!

Looks like the Wizard of Crossbows is at it again...

@texasbeast239

3 жыл бұрын

We're off to see the Wizard The Wonderful Wiz of Arroz!

@yajurka

3 жыл бұрын

Arrowmancer.

@euansmith3699

3 жыл бұрын

@@yajurka Beware, Bodkin, the Boltomancer!

@GerackSerack

3 жыл бұрын

"I cast Crossbow Bolt!"

@666louis

3 жыл бұрын

@Alorand I thought of sth along of Todstradamus, but yours is better ^^

"But really, it's a mace on a stick." Isn't that just a mace?

@daveh3997

3 жыл бұрын

What he has there is the handy snack size Mace on a Stick.

@StergiosMekras

3 жыл бұрын

In this case, it's a projectile mace.

@implausibleimpossiblehypot4006

3 жыл бұрын

@@StergiosMekras a missile mace sounds much cooler

@lesio80

3 жыл бұрын

Yes, it's just a mace

@chopsddy3

3 жыл бұрын

A flying finned mace ? Finned flying mace? Arrow mace. Mace arrow? The clobberer!

nicely done, and a much better bow than I used!

@tods_workshop

3 жыл бұрын

Thanks Jason, and of course I would like to think so! There is still so much to look at with this whole area. Just for the record, this was shot a couple of weeks before yours came out. Speak soon

@kingkarlito

3 жыл бұрын

@@tods_workshop so weird seeing all these videos that are essentially doing babies first crossbow/longbow tests, yet they are produced by a clearly skilled, professional, craftsman who should already know the results but clearly doesn't

@buzzkrieger3913

3 жыл бұрын

@@kingkarlito having watched said videos I'm baffled by why you'd think they should empirically know already. Nobody normally lofts a bolt into the next field to lose it in long grass. Nobody normally wants to spend the time, effort and cost to make period correct equipment and then smash it into other expensive gear to see what exactly happens. We've mostly come up to the skill/experience level knowing that using the gear in any other way than carefully within established safe guidelines leads to a high chance of loss, breakage and danger. Securing a location to shoot safely and consistently is difficult year round at our lattitude at any moderate+ distance. Practical 'hunt' distances are near 'point blank', targets need to be lit for half the year mid-week for most users, hard targets equate to just throwing money down range. I used to be a pretty good Town and County competitive archer and I'm not ashamed to say the majority of my practice time was indoors at sub-trial range. 90%-95% of our focus is about what happens within a 3' radius of our heads to allow us to not botch our release and miss our intended, soft target. Scientific flight data has only been delved into with modern materials because of competitive sports. These guys are testing the mechanics of technology essentially abandoned before the modern scientific model was thought of.

@buzzkrieger3913

3 жыл бұрын

@@tods_workshop do you have any plans to colab a wider range of bows, crossbows, arrows and bolts to establish deminishing returns of ammo weight vs launchers of period accurate equipment? I'm fascinated to see where our ancestors balanced the performance vs logistics compromise. Afterall there's a large gap between making one bow shoot once amazingly and making thousands shoot consistently throughout a campaign.

@thekinginyellow1744

3 жыл бұрын

Glad to see this cross pollenization. Came to watch Tod's test immediately after watching yours.

I love how it requires an off-road car jack to test.

@tods_workshop

3 жыл бұрын

heavy stuff

Dressing up adds to the level of authenticity. PS I bought one of your daggers to support the channel. Love your work!

Others have remarked Tod, but you resemble a cardinal of the crossbow. I love it.

Imagine what a strategic asset Tod would have been. Wars would have been won using his knowledge of the technology of the time.

Have fun with a crossbow in an open field, with the rainbow ... What more could you ask for? 😁

Crossbow, big bulky robes and an agile mind... Looks like Chancellor Ridcully is having fun outside again xD

@Lucius1958

3 жыл бұрын

That's ARCHChancellor Ridcully to you, me lad...🤨

@DjDolHaus86

3 жыл бұрын

@@Lucius1958 It's all about the hat, you see

@ThunderLord1

3 жыл бұрын

@@Lucius1958 He'd be an Archancellor if he had the Hat. Without it, he's just good old Hughnon.

@ThunderLord1

3 жыл бұрын

@@DjDolHaus86 Exactly !

@gerardbryant4840

3 жыл бұрын

ARCHchancellor Ridcully testing his latest acquisition from a shop in the Street of Cunning Artificers. Shame there's nothing left to shoot at!

big props to the video-bombing rainbow in the background, btw

Good timing, with Modern History's last video on his crossbows lackluster range :)

My students (high school physics in the US) are in need of a light end of year session or two to show them how useful physics is. I've queued up about five of your crossbow (and longbow) videos for them. Thank you for them; they are wonderful.

Modern History TV Collab coming up? :P

@trevorWilkinson

3 жыл бұрын

Just watched his distance video the other day, definitely something wrong with his bow after seeing this.

@CountCrapula.

3 жыл бұрын

@@trevorWilkinson I think his crossbow really isn't 1000 lb, it just can't be. The string on it looks really really thin, especially compared to all these heavy crossbows you see on Tod's channel

@ronin1648

3 жыл бұрын

2 of my fav youtubers, can't wait

@chimpaflimp

3 жыл бұрын

@@trevorWilkinson He was shooting into a reasonable head-wind in his video.

@priestesslucy3299

3 жыл бұрын

@@CountCrapula. could be different materials of string?

Always with a great experiment, Tod !! Congrats !!!!

Would have been interesting to see a chronograph of the launch speeds on those bolts.

@tods_workshop

3 жыл бұрын

That is coming

Maintaining that level of enthusiasm in that much rain is impressive :)

@DjDolHaus86

3 жыл бұрын

It's an essential quality for being british

It's just crazy to me to think at 230lbs I could hang on that crossbow and it wouldn't even be close to full draw.

@euansmith3699

3 жыл бұрын

That's a good point. Gearing is an amazing invention.

@epauletshark3793

3 жыл бұрын

You need to eat more cake, also makes you harder to kidnap.

@sirwi11iam

3 жыл бұрын

Some of your plays aren't half bad, can go on a bit, but definitely have potential.

This channel continues to be amazing; informative and fun; science and art. I am now looking at some Tod cutlery and will order something shortly. Best advert ever haha.

One thing I'd like to add, concerning the physics of the bolts. It isn't necessarily a fact that lighter bolts will travel farther. Air resistance and "overpower" of the bow might make a difference. If the bolt is very light, the bow might shoot it at almost the same speed as a bolt that is a bit heavier, because it's almost the speed with which the flex in the material of the bow jumps back. In that case, a lighter bolt would carry less energy, and having the same friction with the air, it will fall shorter than other, heavier bolts (a real-life example like this are airsoft bb guns. Sometimes heavier bbs make for better long-distance shots because the lighter bbs are more heavily affected by air resistance.) Another factor in play is aerodynamics. It is of great influence to air resistance how aerodynamic the bolt is that is shot. The bolts here followed the same principle in weight as they did in aerodynamics, so it's just adding to the fact that the lighter bolts will generally fly further, but air resistance greatly depends on the shape of the object flying through the air. Physically there are many things in play that might make a lighter bolt fly less far and it wouldn't break the laws of physics, even if the bow performs exactly the same for each launch (which is another possibility for variance, when regarding bolt friction during launch, bot flex, and so on.) Just wanted to add that, and also congratulate on the awesome video, very scientific with great consistency. I loved it! Thank you so much!

This is all simple physics (F=ma at the bow, kE=1/2mv*2 in flight and thus at the target) but the Devil's in the details like the throw of the string, the weight distribution and aerodynamics of the bolts and so many other things. I really enjoy it when you point out how seemingly irrelevant small changes can have such large differences in outcome.

Uploaded 11 seconds ago. Sweet. Nice coat.

I'm happy to see some period clothing in the video. It really adds to the experiments that you're doing.

Perfect timing. I needed a short video before nodding off.

I love your use of a cell phone as an inclinometer...brilliant

@euansmith3699

3 жыл бұрын

Indeed, a cell phone inclinometer and a laser ranger-finder; truly this is a high-tech medieval experiment.

It really is interesting to me that the limitation on range and speed at the top end of the performance curve is not poundage, or draw length, or even how mechanically 'smooth' things are but instead the material of the bow not being able to move any faster than it does.

@EvsEntps

2 жыл бұрын

Not really sure that's quite true. The higher the poundage (assuming constant proportions of the crossbow), the more acceleration the bolt experiences while being fired and therefore the higher the final velocity when it leaves the crossbow. This is because shooting the bolt is simply the reverse of powering up the crossbow, which requires greater and greater force the further you pull the string back, recalling that (Net) Force = mass x acceleration. The mass is constant so the acceleration 'effect' is what must grow as you power it up. The act of firing the crossbow is simply the inverse of this, where the acceleration of the bolt starts off high and then decreases to zero by the time string is back in neutral position. Despite the acceleration falling though, the speed of the arrow will continually grow because the acceleration is still always positive in the direction firing, therefore the string is in constant contact with the bolt the whole time it's being fired, imparting kinetic energy on it and speeding it up. The only way I can think of you getting a diminishing returns effect with an equally proportioned, higher poundage crossbow (firing the same bolt) would be from drag on the bolt - drag increases greatly at higher and higher speeds and you're likely to get more bending in the bolt too which wouldn't help with aerodynamism. Drag depends on the shape and velocity of an object (and also the viscosity of the medium its moving through, in this case air) but not on its weight. Therefore, a heavier bolt might experience less diminishing returns and go further at these higher poundages because its moving slower at launch thus experiencing less drag and any drag it does experience would have less of an effect because of its higher inertia (due to its higher mass). You can think about this phenomenon by imagining you had two balls of the same volume, one made of paper, the other of metal. If you made weak under-arm throws of equal force for each then you could imagine throwing the paper ball further than the metal one. Now imagine throwing them over arm with all your strength, clearly the metal ball will go further than the paper ball in this case because drag will drain the energy of the paper ball but less so the metal ball with its higher inertia. Hence, the diminishing effect is due to the drag on the bolt at higher poundages rather than some unexplained phenomenon of 'the string not being able to move any faster'.

i always enjoy your videos, even the ones i've already watched.

I like your theory, I really hope you can spend some more time investigating it. Testing heavier pound bows with heavier bolts to see what differences in distance and power you can achieve and leading to some really interesting discussions on how these war cross bows were used. Keep up the good work!

Well done Todd, thanks for sharing.

Hey Tod, great video as always. Thank you.

I'd love to see a tutorial how you make that monster spring steel bow of yours in the near future! Amazing video man, keep them coming!

Finally distance test ...👍 Please more distance test of crossbows

I always enjoy the videos which, like this one, Tod makes in his back garden.

Brings back memories of trying a flight shoot 25yrs ago, walking to and from 305yds got a bit old. Target recurve, 50lbs, alu/carbon arrows, speed unknown, slight headwind.

Now we need some heavy crossbow with a very heavy anti-plate bolt for short range penetration testing. Very nice that you've added the draw weight measurement at the end of the video.

I came to ask a question but after watching this and the mechanics of how it works it was answered so thank you for that

I love the Rainbow in the background as you're doing this.

Do a vid talking about how you got into history and all that stuff! Origin stories are interesting! (also: hope you got somewhere warm & dry as soon as you could)

Great dress! I like it a lot. Thanks for the awesome content you create. I'm looking forward to the upcoming arrows vs armour videos.

always enjoyable to watch your videos.

The adding weight to offset speed limitations thing is pretty ubiquitous in terms of black powder firearms as well, conical bullets were developed for additional accuracy, but also enabled them to fit a cylinder into the bore with more mass, because black powder only burns so fast, then you see bullets start to become smaller and faster with the advent of modern gun powder.

@ScottKenny1978

3 жыл бұрын

Yes, the Whitworth rifle is a particularly fascinating look at the beast, launching a 580gr .452" bullet, when the typical .45-70 is 405gr. That's gr as in grains (7000 per lb), not grams!

Kentwell Hall, I remember it well! Grew-up in South Suffolk & North Essex 70s-80s. School & family trips to Kentwell were fantastic, it did feel like genuine time travel!

Thank you , Tod .

A very interesting test. Thank you!

Great plug for Kentwell!

Cool stuff Todd! Could you perhaps paint arrows for video tests with neon colors (or maybe even glow-in-the-dark arrows to shoot in the evening) so we can see them shoot?

Oddly, the most important thing that I've learned from this series is the massive importance of the cams in a compound bow. I hadn't considered how much of the bow's energy was consumed by the acceleration of the limbs, and consequently how much difference a reduction in that load would make for the velocity of the arrow/bolt. I wonder if that's part of the reason why increasing the draw weight doesn't help: the bow is expending most of the increased energy into accelerating itself, leaving little to accelerate the arrow. If that's the case, it certainly backs up your theory on the solution: increase the mass of the projectile, such that it accounts for a greater fraction of the load and allows more of the bow's energy to be converted into a useful form. Finally, it's still very tempting to consider how a cam system with a longer bolt but the same massive draw weight would've looked in terms of late medieval or renaissance technology.

You are exactly correct about the absolute speed of any given limb, it's what is referred to as "cast". I do target archery, and some limbs are simply slow for any given draw weight, but they often feel nice to draw, and the really ultra-high performance limbs, such as the so-called "super recurves", like Uukha and Border, can feel very uncomfortable to some archers (personally, I much prefer the feel), but they are incredibly efficient and very very fast. The arrow you described as being like a baton or a mace had parallels with flu-flu arrows used for hunting birds in trees, they have a large heavy and blunt tip which will usually kill the bird, but doesn't break the skin, and crucially, doesn't stick into the tree. String thickness... Yep, totally correct again. We use different thicknesses of string and also centre servings to compensate. The thicker the string, the more mass it has and also creates more drag, slowing it down, however, it has less stretch, which partially compensates for this. A very thin string will stretch far more, and waste energy, but it has less mass and less drag. For heavy hunting arrows, you need the thicker string, for light outdoor target arrows, you want to minimise mass and inertia.

That's a super interesting video idea, well done ! :)

I love the sound the spinning nut makes

Superb work, scares the shit out of me when you measure the bow pull weight at the end, if that gives way it's going to hurt 🤪

I think you're very correct about the limbs being the limiting factor and not being able to push the lighter arrows faster. The same thing happened with black powder firearms. In an effort to get more power, they kept increasing shot size. They would build strong actions and longer barrels but they reached a point where black powder just wouldn't push the bullet faster. You had 50, 58, 64, 72 caliber rifles, and a bunch of others. Big bore rifles continued up until the smokeless powder became popular and then smaller, faster bullets became more common. They started out big with the 8mm and large 30 cals before working down to smaller 30 cals and now to 5.56 and 5.45. The crossbow proves that propellants have always been an issue and limitation

Wow! How strong are you to be able to pick up and wield that 850lb crossbow, so easily?!?!

@epauletshark3793

3 жыл бұрын

The weight of this joke is astounding.

@Myuseu

3 жыл бұрын

@@epauletshark3793 You're really drawing out this joke as far as it will go

@2008davidkang

3 жыл бұрын

Sorry but I didn't get it, it flew right past me

The jack you are using to check the draw weight of the limb at the end is known as a "hi-lift" jack here in the states. We use them for big vehicles like tall off-road SUVs, Jeeps, delivery vans and the like.

@davidgrover5996

3 жыл бұрын

Here is a handy guide to their use for those who want to know more. kzread.info/dash/bejne/qoSA1KqwYqTaZ9Y.html

Thanks for sharing another fun test with us. I have yet to find the sweet spot in bolt weight for my DIY crossbow, but I am expecting it will be somewhere around 70 or 80g. I have forged out a needle bodkin that should come in close to that. It will be interesting to see what the speed test reveals.

"I shot an arrow in the air, She fell to ground in Berkley Square." Yikes, how deeply those bolts penetrated in to the soil; which, I assume, is less dense than flesh. This was yet another great video. Thank you for sharing.

Lovely garb. Enjoy seeing Tod in his mating plumage.

Thx for these tests. :))

Medival man trying to shoot leprechaun RECOLOURED

Yesssss...all is coming together

So this is what Timothy Claypole from 'Rentaghost' gets up to in his later years! Just teasing Tod, I enjoy your vids!

People walking by at 6:48 "Who's the bloke in the funny outfit with the crossbow?" "Shhhh...That's Tod...Don't make eye contact." 😄👍

Great video, in my research in slings its seems like they heavier the projectile the more damage they do

Talking of old technology, nice view of the icehouse behind you. Now we all have a metal box in the house that carries out the same function.

@euansmith3699

3 жыл бұрын

"Now we all have a metal box in the house that carries out the same function." What, hiding corpses from Belgium Detectives during early 20th century house parties?

Looks like you were having a great time :)

This is really interesting when you compare it to the video "Modern History" did last week! Greatly informative

It looks a great way to work out your arms

oh my, the rainbow in the backgrounds makes it the perfect scenario.

Great channel. Man deserve respect for interesting researches. There is some museums were placed some Arabic or Turkish Bows and Crossbows that made from composition materials and with interesting engineering, and it is clear that it all done with the aim to increase speed of projectile. Interesting to see "Ziyyar" that was actually machine used quite sophisticated construction to increase velocity of spear sized bow. Also China archives saved illustrations of machines with combination of several bows, that also served for arrows speed increase.

Thanks Tod. That was a video I definately wanted to see! You've probably done it before, but I'd love to see what the different bolts would do to various armours & none at all, especially the heaviest bolts. Can they hit hard enough to blunt trauma the wearer even without penetrating?

Just come from scholagladiatoria 100% NEED to see this period compound crossbow with pulleys and such. MIGHTY NEED

Something satisfying about shooting arrows and bolts at distance

Wow cool crossbow.

The heavier bolts will decelerate due to air resistance slower, therefore if you are unable to increase the bolt velocity further you can still increase the range with bolt mass provided you can maintain that high velocity.

@Erpyrikk

3 жыл бұрын

also every bolt weight will have its optimal angle for getting maximum range.

Sounds like a very reasonable conclusion there mate. I was in Berlin not all that long ago when one of the museums was running a crossbow exhibition. It seemed to suggest the later years of the war crossbows were an arms race over plate armour and penetration power crossbows, with crossbows getting heavier along with plate getting thicker. I have no idea if that brief exhibition aligns with evidence in the production specs of plate and crossbows at the time though. But it seems reasonable that you'd only make such insane bows for a specific reason and super high mass bolts would for pure penetration sounds likely.

@tods_workshop

3 жыл бұрын

I think that is the story, but then the heaviest bows I know of were for hunting - go figure?

Fantastic- I think you are bang-on in your conclusions (no pun intended)

You're awesome, bro.

Part medieval, part angle meter on my phone. Love it. amazing how its only been a few hundred years.

Another thing that can have an influence on how far a bolt or arrow travels through the air is your elevation relative to sea level. I know in rugby that the kickers has a much easier time kicking for goal when the match is played at high elevation when compared to near the coast. This is due to higher ambient air pressure at low elevations compared to higher up, which means less overall air resistance on the bolts as they travel. Maybe it's something interesting to keep in mind or to test in the future.

Great job as always, Todd. Rather than the level ap, I'm wondering if wooden platform (sort of like a podium) with a 45° slope might be more stable and reproducible than hand held. Todd probably could throw one together in 5 minutes.

The electrical engineers call it "impedance matching". For the annual cottage "shoe kick" event, I taught the kids to experiment to get the "right" weight of shoe for their kick in order to maximize (in this case) distance.

I don't know any formal physics at all, but I completely agree with your conclusion, Tod. If draw weight is a measure of how much energy is stored in a bow, and you observe a non-linear change in the kinetic energy of a projectile with the same weight and ballistic coefficient when shot from bows of different draw weight, the difference must be in the way the bows transfer their stored energy to the projectile. I'm guessing that the following relationships may play a part (I've probably mixed up terminology, sorry!): Inertia and other losses within the bow itself (how fast can the bow make the bowstring move when there is no projectile) vs. the inertia and ballistic coefficient of the projectile (if the bowstring is already moving as fast as the bow can make it before the projectile is released, reducing the weight of the projectile won't make it go any faster). The bow's rate of acceleration vs. its draw-length (how quickly does the unloaded bowstring achieve its peak velocity vs. how the distance over which it is transferring energy to the projectile). It would be wonderful to be able to visualise a comparison, in a hypothetical sense, of the relative dimensions, behaviors, and terminal ballistics that steel crossbows, timber longbows, and recurve composite bows of 800-1300lb might have. As always, I love what you do, and thank you so much for your work!

Love the rainbow in the background.

This was great Tod. I really need to get you some money.

Have you thought of putting something like that bright reflexive orange on the arrows so they are easier to spot?

This was really interesting.

I think you're right with your theory Todd, and from a physics standpoint it's impressive to see it in action. If we look at Newton's 2nd Law of Forces (F = m*a), then the functional force of the arrow will be intrinsically bound by its weight and the launch capacity of the crossbow. It could also explain the functional limitation of the amount of kinetic energy smaller arrows could absorb, and why said arrows and crossbow sizes had to increase in order to harm more heavily armored targets.

Excellent as always (nice threads btw). Very interesting point about the steel having a finite speed regardless of the draw weight (within reason). This gets me thinking; by extension, the various different draw weight crossbows should all have a bolt weight that is optimal for that power. By this I mean the heaviest bolt it can shoot at full speed? Any lighter will not increase the range, any heavier and the launch speed (hence range) will decrease. That would be an interesting experiment, find the ideal bolt weight for the 850 lb draw crossbow vs say a 250 lb draw. Would the relationship be linear? If that was the case, could a graph of optimal weight bolt vs draw weight predict accurately for other crossbows? Ok maybe a bit laborious to get two fixed points to start with but once you have the graph, in theory (if it is indeed linear), you should be able to pick any crossbow draw weight and match it to it's ideal bolt weight. I hope I explained it clearly? It would really complicate things if different steel thicknesses/ or compositions had different potential (return?) speeds but I won't go into that here (don't even start on flight characteristics of different bolts!). Still though, worth a 'shot or twenty'? I would love to see the results. Pax dude.

As someone who's just taken and interest in bow making and is somewhat of an amateur Bowyer, I actually think your theory is quite sound. In making wood bows there are all sorts of different aspects that make the bow shoot more efficiently with higher fps that wouldn't really apply to a steel limbed crossbow. Wood type, grain alignment, limb design, specific gravity (that varies even within the same species) and just overall build quality and tiller.

Interesting. Thank you. Your comments about projectile mass make a lot of sense. How would the crown bolt do against armour? A bang on a helm with one of those should ring the bell, I think.

200 yards doesn’t sound impressive at first but then you picture yourself standing at the end of a football field looking down the field and imagine sending a bolt over twice that distance and it suddenly feels much more impressive.

Your theory makes sense to me. It's almost like a torque/rpm thing in IC engines.

Interesting as always. I wonder how your lockdown longbow (crossbow) compares?

Besides the speed at which the metal can spring back, another limiting factor on distance is going to be air resistance. As air resistance increases with the square of velocity, a faster bolt is quickly going to slow down. It would be interesting to compare the bolt speed from different bows at different distances.

Smart man

Black powder is the same way. It's an inefficient propellant and you basically hit diminishing returns with regards to muzzle velocity, so more power largely meant a larger bore size and more projectile mass.

Oh my, did I spot a rainbow in the backgroudn there? :D