> While that question sinks in, let's get to the bottom of it I almost drowned laughing:)

suggestion for the next video: you mentioned carbon fiber, so why not make an video about Materials of the Future? What do you think?

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

great suggestion.

@monstrellsf-w8277

2 жыл бұрын

I know that in the uk at least there has been quite a push to increase discussion and research into animate material from the royal society relatively recently

@wiktor2173

2 жыл бұрын

@@monstrellsf-w8277 I heard they are starting to use graphene. Graphene additives turn out to be VERY useful. I know that you are also interested in metals that remember the shape ... But I am also not afraid to say I'M AGAINST WOOD in construction!

As someone who lives in the Amazon, I've always found floating buildings very interesting. Throughout the region most cities, towns and communities depend on rivers, and some people live in floating houses, mainly because of the extreme variation of the Amazon River (which could place them very far from the water in the dry seasons if they settled on land). For them, the landscape changes completely every year as the river dries, but they get to adapt to it. The city where I live used to have a "floating city", a whole informal neighborhood built on water, but it was torn down by the government because since the population didn't live on land they didn't pay land taxes. Living on or near the rivers is such a traditional part of the culture in the Amazon, and I often think how great it would be if our governments valued them more.

@superdupergrover9857

2 жыл бұрын

I just thought of something. The Amazon is the largest river by volume right? "The Amazon", in English at least, can mean the river or the rainforest, or the region. They are very, very interdependent. My point is that the Amazon river can be viewed as not just a river, but rather as a lake or water ecosystem that happens to flow. Not relevant, but I had to write this thought down.

@themanhimself3

2 жыл бұрын

The government only took it down because they were right. XD They don't have living on water taxes and don't like being outplayed.

@JeanLucasHeinsen

Жыл бұрын

@@superdupergrover9857 Very clever thought. It's actually called a "basin", which is a series of bodies of water (rivers, lakes, aquifers and such). There's even the "Amazon basin"... Look for it on the web!

Thanks for launching us on this cruise and opening a porthole onto a raft of aquatic metaphors and puns. Quite the story ark.

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Wow, you're the captain of puns.

Thanks for mention architect kunle Adeyemi. Greeting u from Nigeria

the same reason we design everything else. we design things we can’t afford

Excellent stimulating lecture. Le Corbusier's floating architecture are, in my opinion, among his best work where design meets architecture meets engineering meets environment meets sociology.

"I assume that's good" It killed me. XD

When I first saw the thumbnail for this video, I thought it was some kinda fancy pocket knife. Great video as always!

What an interesting topic that I hadn't considered before.

Rossi's is my favourite. I love how the theatre becomes a collage of the city... its also interesting how his drawings also show a deliberate play of shadows between the boat, the water and the elevations of the architecture... its almost a play of projections and surfaces peeling away in Venice.

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Beautifully said.

Speaking of houseboats, MacGyver had one! That was one of my favorite shows as a kid.

Because I want one

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

yeah, me too...boats are cool.

hey, nice video! I have a suggestion for a future one: Here in Brazil, we call it “Cobogó”. Is a perforated brick or hollow element, with the function of a sunshade or to separate the interior from the exterior, without prejudice to natural light and ventilation; A lot of modernists architects here used this element as part of the building. I'm curious to know what you think about them and some thoughts. Cheers, have a nice day!

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Thanks for the suggestion, I'll look into it!

I have some obsession with boats and ships for quite some time now, especially the timber one. On my side, it provides me with insights on timber construction technique. For what I know, some timber architecture traditions like the Malay and Japan originated from boat and ship building technique and culture. A few months back I had a discussion with a filmmaker who was doing a documentary on the Malay traditional boat building, he said that a boat builder can build a house but a house builder cannot build a boat. This shows the level of detailing and engineering that is higher than the one practised within the building industry. I do believe that in order to create a better timber building, one would need to learn how to build a boat, or even a ship.

I’ve just been binging all your videos and just refreshed to this being uploaded

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

It was fate

Always love your videos!

I love your narration style, so witty but informative. I bet your classes are awesome

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

It's quite obvious why architects like boats: Being surrounded by water gives excellent opportunities for leaks!

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

😂

I really like Louis Kahn's concert boat

In 1966 or 67, when I was a kid, I saw the Queen Mary going up the Hudson for her last visit to NYC. She was mighty impressive! A year or two later, I saw the movie "A Night to Remember", about the sinking of the Titanic, and I was fascinated with the ship. (I couldn't care less about the iceberg.) However, the "ship" that really fascinated me was the Jupiter 2 from "Lost in Space." How was the inside so much bigger than the outside? As an aside, the great 19th-century architect, Augustus Welby Pugin, who designed the interiors of the Houses of Parliament, was also obsessed with boats.

Thank you so much

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

Super cool video! This is one I get to show my friends when I try to explain to them architecture is more than just building/development

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Awesome! Thanks.

Someone compared the Unite D'Habitation to a cruise liner very slowly moving through the ground. I can't unsee that now.

Very nice

The plus pool reminds me of something about a floating swimming pool from the very end of Delirious New York by Rem Koolhaas.

Renzo Piano is very much "into" boats: the bridge crossing from his Modern Wing to Millennium Park is imagined to look like a boat hull (at least that's what CAF docents learned.) Piano's interest in boats, he relates, links to his being from Genoa Italy. Also, Harry Weese was interested in sailboats. The houses he built right along the confluence of the north & south branches of the Chicago river are triangular to reference sails.

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Good ones! Since we're talking Chicago, there's also that building at North Ave Beach that looks like a boat by Wheeler Kearns.

I'd just like you to know that I really appreciate your sense of humor. It's lovely. Keep up the good work!

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you!!!

Makes sense, now we need more architects obsessing about airplanes :D

@pamelah6431

2 жыл бұрын

If you like boats with flat tops. ;)

I watched this video again just recent. Very interesting and entertaining Stew. Love the back ground music lol.

Another great video. I for one have had a love for the beautiful FOSS .she is so beautiful for machine that is almost a century old.

Often conjoined with an interest in sailing there is also this disire for freedom, control, and self sufficiency. I wonder what would happen if you take these concepts to the extreme in architecture. For example bjarke ingels and hit floating city. Radical self-sufficiency would totally reshape society, but also would reshape our living environment. How would neighborhoods look if people needed little to nothing from their neighbors and society because they can make everything themselves? What binding elements would remain, and what new ones would be more important?

@gur262

2 жыл бұрын

Hmmm. A huge slow solar/wind powered sail/electric boat. Perhaps round or square. Could you grow algae below it,with the right structure? N of course fishing.

@gur262

2 жыл бұрын

When the things stationary.. could you have counterweighed lifts as fridge's? Like. ...the sea is always somewhat cold? Just. Dunk the fridge,at least the big one,in water to sublement or replace electric cooling.

Your videos are fantastic. Thank you from Hyde Park.

Speaking of architecture and boats. The English-born architect Ralph Erskine (mostly active and living in Sweden) For a long time had his architectural office on the sailing ship Verona which when they were not out sailing with all employed architects was at anchor on the island Drottningholm outside Stockholm, Sweden (the same island where the Swedish king lives) he loved boating.

Saw this on ArchDaily! Go Stuart Hicks!!

@alaskanuni

2 жыл бұрын

*Stewart

My favorite things with floating architecture tend to be related to some of the battleships of ww2, cause a lot of them have these beautiful and heavily industrial bridge and superstructure designs that feel like they rival some of the highrises of their era. for example USS Iowa, or IJN Yamato. both have huge bridge designs that frankly are beautiful to me. Thats my favorite floating architecture, even if it isn't technically a building.

I didn't know it was a common interest amount architects. I recently started getting to it after seeing the tally ho project on another channel

Great video, as always - but surprised that the extensive floating villages on Tonle Sap in Cambodia were not included, where the water level varies hugely between the dry and rainy season. Churches, schools, houses and everything else required for a huge fishing community floats around to suit each year. In places where the shoreline doesn't vary too much there are also buildings on enormous stilts to accommodate the annual changes in water level. It is an amazing place that maybe deserves a dedicated video about the architecture, especially due to the Cambodian approach of making do with the limited available resources ( please ? ) x

nice

Good video, but quite surprised you didn't even mention the term "naval architect". Seems like a gift to me!

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

omg, you're right. all the puns and jokes that could have been...I needed you a couple weeks ago.

@mdhazeldine

2 жыл бұрын

@@stewarthicks haha. Sorry!

You had to mention the yacht by John Pawson and also David Chipperfield

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Oof I failed you

Hi I wanted to say I love watching your videos. I’m curious if you have ever heard of or seen “The Arc Condos” (2885 Bayview Ave, North York) located at Bayview village in Toronto, Canada. I believe that it can be related to this video as it is architecture built on land that is based on floating architecture. I’ve never seen anything quite like it. Anyways I was just wondering if you knew of this. Keep up the great work!

So far I have only lived inland, and sights of remarkable waterborne structures have come only from video games. Something more recognizable as a "building" in the colloquial sense like Rossi's teatro or Adeyemi's school inspire a shaky wonder: "how can they be made to last?" I ask myself. Indeed, one of those two was not made to float forever. The school collapsed due to heavy rain in 2016, though that design is still being iterated on. Instead, I am more interested in the adaptations of ship design into grounded structures like Le Corbusier and Jahn. Thank you for another video!

Check out the Uros Islands’ floating villages on the Titicaca lake

⛵️ and 🪑! Follow up vid someday please!

Love your videos! Although more of an industrial designer I am delighted by Philip Starck and his work including boat design. His quote… BOATS "When you design a boat for somebody, it’s not aluminum, glass, or engine, it’s just building a dream and trying to give the best dream possible." Ph.S

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Wow. Thanks for sharing!

I hope any discussion of floating things includes Vancouver's barges.

Zaha Hadid‘s „boney creature“ has a strong ressemblance to today‘s YEEZY Foam Runners

And here I am, a Naval Architect interested in designing buildings. Anyway, the floating McDonalds (aka The McBarge) was an interesting project.

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Haha, well, welcome! That is a good one.

@csd128

2 жыл бұрын

@@stewarthicks Good to be here and I really find your videos both entertaining and enlightening. Keep it up!

YARRRR!!!!

As a professional Yacht Designer this always hurts... I have yet to see a properly designed Boat by a Architect... There are just way different design criterias and technical constraints that necessitate proper knowledge... The engineering is a magnitude more complicated and more on the level of a airplane. There is a reason why it is a distinct profession. We Yacht Designers also do not design houses ;)

@Darrida

2 жыл бұрын

Yacht or Lamborghini are made for showing off. For instance, american or italian designer cannot design SU 57 . Making boats or sport cars is not a rocket science.

@chrispomfret8592

2 жыл бұрын

As an architect and ex pro sailor I concur as the lens of architecture does not respect the necessities required in boat design. Hull, rig & sail design is a science enabled by technology & engineering. Deck layout & fittings are located to improve performance & interiors are similarly configured. An intelligent architect aware of these could help design an amazing yacht in collaboration with a naval architect & material structural engineer. Why? Because the thinking of each discipline is filtered through training, experience & typology. A true collaboration could break the limitations of each discipline.

@chrispomfret8592

2 жыл бұрын

@@Darrida this is not true. Progress of performance is often the precursor rather than designing ‘because you can’. This is the difference between industrial design and good architecture.

@Darrida

2 жыл бұрын

@@chrispomfret8592 My point was that building boats or sport cars is not that hard. For instance USA spent millions on the new F35 jet, but design was awful. VW designs Lamborghini, but designing SU 57 is far beyond their capabilities. When you design something for entertainment the product should not be so sophisticated to name an engineer "genious". You can drive simple car, or dwell in small house. It is allabout money. As an architect I understand that mathematical mysteries of proportions, forms, order are far more significant then rich people who can afford architecture. Like Rothko who depicted fundamental proportions in color. He denied to sell his art to Four Seasons. Thas is why his works are most expensive paintings. It's true power of abstraction or contemporary architecture.

@CrankyHermit

Жыл бұрын

Floating a building does not a boat make.

Now image what will happen when SPACE is open to these ideas. This is really fascinating… those kids walking along a floating street…. The public swimming pool that filters the water… Should we even be in doubt about the Ancient World and its wonders. Truly the future will be fantastic.

@StephenRansom47

2 жыл бұрын

We live at a point where one can speculate on the material possibilities of the past. Those floating schools… what basket, coated with some pitch, might replace the plastic barrels? The large clay pots might. On a side note, what acoustic events do those barrels effect to the water? 🤔

Naval Architecture is its own discipline, and Bruce Farr - designer of the Farr 40 - is generally well respected among people who appreciate fast sailboats. The Farr 40 requires a great deal of strength and skill to sail well. Anyone who is able to participate in the Farr 40 worlds is probably in the upper strata of competitive sailors. Carbon fiber - and fiberglass - are amazing materials, but require highly skilled labor to use effectively. When stone, concrete and steel are not just acceptable but often desirable construction materials, it is difficult to see where the lightness and flexibility of composites would offset their high costs and maintenance challenges. Artwork and decorative elements are a possibility.

I love!!!!!!!!!...the "flying Dutchman" from the movie pirates of the Caribbean. Obsessively..

Row, row, row your boat Gently down the stream Belts off, trousers down Isn't life a scream? Whoa!

i love!!!!!!!!!...the "flying Dutchman" from the movie pirates of the Caribbean. Obsessively..

Brace yourselves, here come the boat puns

Because it can leak more and be far more uncomfortable than any of their buildings.

1. "Less than 80 Pounds" 9:12. Weight is a surprising friend on the Water. 80 Pounds with that much surface area is dangerous in high winds - even with all sails stowed. The lower hull is probably filled w/ Concrete, for that reason.

@emmar9104

2 жыл бұрын

Youre right that mass in the bottom of the boat (or lower, as seen in sailboat keels) is a requirement in single hull boats, but the katamaran or trimaran multi-hull design is exaxtly what makes a low center of gravity reduntant. The buoyancy of the multiple hulls are instead what give the boat resistance to bow to the wind.

@arcanondrum6543

2 жыл бұрын

@@emmar9104 Cats and Tris certainly do have MORE stability than a Single Hull but they DO tip over and yes; I mean the big one's as well. You can find stories on it. So, despite the deliberate netting between Hulls and despite the aero/hydro computer analysis 9:15 there is simply far too much hull surface area for an 80 lb Trimaran, for ANY 80 lb structure on land or water with that amount of surface area to not be affected by the Wind - when you Google the equation, you'll find that the Wind Velocity is squared, it gets important very quickly as Wind Speed increases I've done a bit of sailing. The point of Carbon Fiber compound laminates is their strength to weight ratio but it should never be used to defy the Physics of Wind Load. Boats simply cannot always point into the Wind. Cats and Tris are also narrow inside each Hull. 3 Hulls means 3 Hull spaces are possible for the big (but not this) boats. Despite the possibility, there is simply no way to make the below deck space liveable for people AND still have enough weight on-board to be Stable. Ballast will add that stability. Lastly, I guessed "Concrete" instead of Stone so that every square inch of low space on the shallow, Main Hull can be used for Ballast. Some people like to use Water for Ballast but I wouldn't risk the lower weight on such a lightweight boat - concrete to me, would be absolutely necessary

@arcanondrum6543

2 жыл бұрын

By the way, the Ballast is probably Lead not Concrete. It's a small percentage of cost of this boat, Lead is heavier and like Concrete, CAN be formed to exact dimensions. Stone is the budget solution and inappropriate here.

@AnarchistMetalhead

2 жыл бұрын

some traditional sailboat classes mandate steel keels, otherwise you"d use led if you need ballast on a boat, there"s no way you"d use something as low density as concrete since the ballast is under water, any large volume under water would cause excessive drag, so it needs to be cut to the minimum

@arcanondrum6543

2 жыл бұрын

????? You should try less b.s., to promote your bizarre Channel. Boats with metal Keels are all metal boats. Sailboats are rarely made of metal. Concrete weighs about the same as solid rock. Rock is used for Ballast, using Concrete would fill every square inch. Metal clad is not a "metal" keel.

I'm gonna be late to my actual architecture class because I'm watching this

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Get to class!

boy howdy does Hadid's yacht look like it popped out of a StyleGAN

architects and boats fit really well together..... there is a whole field of study named naval architecture after all... I find boats fascinating. you have to balance so much. they have to move and safety is a big issue for floaty things. also rooms are realy interesting, not only categories of rooms in general, like e.g.bathrooms, but also specifically, because room quality, requirements and available space are very much different than on land, which opens up questions. how much can you compress a rooms functions and still make it not only usable but also comfortably liveable with high standards for the quality of the space? there are a lot of mandatory things that you find on a boat that define space, because theyre in the way of things or make noises, like bulkheads, masts and spaces for machinery and communication, and even the ocean beating on the hull, do you build arround those, seperate, group or include them? can you even do thator is there a better solution like shifting the fuctionality of the space? whats the relationship of those required spaces to each other? can you save space by overlapping functionalities? and so many more... Boats are really interesting the only drawback is its a pain to draw accurate plans, or 3d model them because hull shapes... its almost easyer to build a physical working model to play arround with when youre bored. its very entertaining...

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Yeah, its almost like the combo of car design and architecture in that way. more tightly engineered and three-dimensionally complex than buildings, but scaled larger than cars...

could you make a video on the design principle of "engineering without engines" that has received attention thanks to Bjarke Ingels

The Salerno Port terminal by Zaha Hadid is a great example of a crossover.

i was waiting for you to mention The Float @ Marina bay in Singapore! it allegedly is the biggest floating football field in the world. its platform allows for different uses as well, like the Louis Vuitton fashion show last year.

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Ugh!! Follow up video...

I lived in Wisconsin but now I live in VA.

0:36 A unit of Protoss in SC3

As an architect and ex professional racing sailor for me the crossover between architecture and boats is performance. The lens of a racing sailor also forms a hierarchy of thinking that is different to the traditional needs based or architectural theoretical base. I noticed this type of performance based thinking in some architects I studied at University like Australian Glenn Murcutt. Just one example is his priority of wind, sun, water features, gardens to form local climates to thermally control his buildings. This thinking stems from performance before budget. It comes before deciding the buildings program & aesthetic. High performing boats come from decades of building upon designs to directly achieve a function. Often we have seen architects become infatuated with boats and design because they can not because they should. However as a skilled yachtsman I can critique many architect designed boats as being low or poor in performance. We can look at boat designs by Zaha who designed the superstructure (above the waterline) of a 18’ powerboat with faceted planes. It challenged the idea of traditional boat lines & curves. It looked cool but where the facets replaced lines the boats performance was affected and the functionality became compromised. In fact the altering of years of evolution rendered the design as dangerous. Specifically the design produced a scoop on the gunnel that would catch a choppy wave and fill the cockpit with water very effectively. Should architects design boats? Yes. Should they first learn the skills of boats through pushing performance in boats and being experienced in using boats in all conditions? Yes. Is it arrogant to tell people you can design a good boat if you are an inexperienced yachtsperson but an architect? Yes. Can architects collaborate with naval architects? Yes. Should we think that boats are good for replacing land based suburbs? No. Reasons require a whole other discussion/video topic.

@albertootero1697

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you for one of the few thoughtful replies here.

The monolith of jean nouvel was remarkable. A 34m corten steel cube floating on the lake of Morat. (NB: this project was part of the same exhibition as the Blur by dillier scofidio). I grew up on the shores of this lake and was fascinated to see this extraordinary object evolve over the course of a season. Today I am an architect... coincidence!?

@CardboardBots

2 жыл бұрын

Sounds very cool

I think its because people only need to use the structure occasionally and in isolation thus hiding the flaws and impracticality

7:45 looks like when you drop your CPU heatsink a few times.

Didn’t CIAM architects take a trip and write a manifesto while traveling together on a boat ?

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

I’m not sure. I’ll look into it, but that does sort of ring a bell.

@craignunnallypurcell

2 жыл бұрын

@@stewarthicks CIAM 4 kzread.info/dash/bejne/qJis2tuporGtgqg.html

@craignunnallypurcell

2 жыл бұрын

@@stewarthicks en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Charter

puns on point!

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you! I'm glad you don't find them too shallow.

@MrTandtrollet

2 жыл бұрын

@@stewarthicks not dry at all!

🌻

Architects are obsessed with minimalism( unless its their own house ) and boats have severe size restrictions

I am engaging in lively discussion

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

I am offering a lively response.

Great architecture leaks Architects like boats Hmmmm...

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Correlation for Causation?

@ltlbuddha

2 жыл бұрын

@@stewarthicks That is how all good arguments work, right? ;)

In a sense cruise ships and large appartment complexes both combine the downsides of boats and houses without any of their advantages. They have the space and style constraints of a vehicle, but lack the free movement and surroundings that make a vehicle a desirable place to be.

@pamelah6431

2 жыл бұрын

But whales!....

If I would give a suggestion, I would love to hear about your analysis on Asian architecture. Seems like a big topic, but I think you will have fun and be amazed about design language and how it intertwines in other aspects of humanity :)

0:28 Is that Peter Zumthor??? 😭😭😭

6:56 OMG they built the map from csgo in real life! That's Amazing!!!

Alvar Aalto himself built his summer house on an island so he could reach it by boat (yes he designed the boat too)

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Oh good one

I don't really like boats, or water, so I'm out on this one. I'll keep my feet on the ground. Maybe a boathouse would be great, instead of a houseboat..

I guess that's a boat it, huh. ...I'll see myself out 9~9

Anyone else think a lot of what he said about Aldo Rossi's Teatro Del Mondo did not match up with the ugly popsicle stick barn house he showed in the picture. haha.

A video about carbon fiber would be sick.

Me and my wife hope to ride Japan’s Himiko River Bus someday. It’s not every day you get to ride a spaceship created by a renowned cartoonists and anime artist, such as Leiji Matsumoto, and tour Tokyo at the same time. It’s creation is an oddity itself, check it out for yourself :)

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Oh man that thing looks crazy

@j.pendergrass9805

2 жыл бұрын

@@stewarthicks I read that the guy who had it paid for just said to the architect/artist “go wild, I’ll pay for it.”

ahoi

2. Stewart Hicks has curiously ignored Frank Gehry, here and on the "Why Great Architecture Leaks" video. Gehry's boat design kzread.info/dash/bejne/e6B_xaabgqS7hcY.html was (for me) a surprising contrast to his land architecture.

I think It is mostly because in future architecture will be transformed into building starships. Even now after Peak Oil usage of metall in architecture has increased rapidly. It is only sustainable building material. Evolution ...

More wind in their sales ..

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

oh man, you're good.

Architects are usually not great at designing yachts. Norman Foster had a go at it and produced something hideous. Zaha Hadid's effort was even worse. Frank Gehry's effort was better, but is perhaps mere styling and not so much design. For a reason I can't explain I'm drawn to Alvar Aalto's boat. It was designed a bit like a landing craft to make coming ashore easy. It also was hard to steer which is not a great asset.

Renzo Piano sails I think

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

I think you're right

BOATS

That boat designed by Le Corbusier looks like a prison, just like any of his architecture.

Well architects also like skyscrapers, cathedrals, piercing minarets, ...and boats...all long and tubular...just saying 🤔😂

@CrankyHermit

Жыл бұрын

Keep it up.

Sorry for being “that guy”, but my OCD has gotten the better of me…. ….Actually, the Chicago Fire was in 1871. Phew, now I feel better.

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

OMG! I'm so dumb. I know that, I promise. Thanks for being that guy.

@gary4760

2 жыл бұрын

@@stewarthicks …not dumb-Never dumb. Just human.

creep music choice

@stewarthicks

2 жыл бұрын

Yeah, might have gone a little over-board. badum tiss.

The main parallel is that both primarily serve the rich, and regular people don't give a shit about it.

That thumbnail looks ugly