- 31°C, ON GROUND! / DA62 Atlantic Ferry Flight
Welcome to the next ferry flight series. I fly the DA62 from Austria to Canada via Sweden, Scotland, Iceland and Greenland. Follow along on this flight which took place in January 2022. Enjoy!
Follow my journey here:
Instagram: micke_lang...
DISCLAIMER:
This video is NOT for training purposes!
Follow the instructions and procedures which are stated in the relevant AFM/POH.
EDITING REMOVES THE CONTEXT!
Music provided by Epidemic Sound: www.epidemicsound.com
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Пікірлер: 220
Sure 13:55 is going to be the most replayed 😘
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
I think so too😂
@jahartley
Жыл бұрын
You look like you’re on your way to an audition for the next James Bond 😂
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
@@jahartley plot twist, he is james bond😂
The Da62 is my dream aircraft, such an elegant and well engineered plane. Unfortunately don't have couple million laying around to afford one. You truly have my dream job Micke
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Everything has it’s pros and cons☝🏼 Thanks for watching Chris!
Sunrises above the clouds are one of the most magnificent things one can see in my opinion - Awesome video btw! 🤌🏻
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Yes that is always rewarding especially when you depart early ;) Thanks Fabian!
Awesome! Thank you for your great videos and hard work! 🛩✌🏻✨🙂
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thank you Stefan☺️
What a great "office view"!! LOL The DA62 is one of my very favorite airplanes!! I'm loving those engines also! The FADEC with prop control is so nice to have, so much less to worry about while making other decisions!! Some day... 8) --gary
GOLD! The Horizon is beautiful
Good job, Micke. Please keep up the good work!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
I am trying Erik ;) Thanks for watching!
Another cool video Micke - well done!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thanks Nigel! Hope to see you at Aero!
So right about English for the comms. Safe travels. Great Videos.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thanks for watching Martin☺️
I appreciate and congratulate you for the films you make. When I come home from at work I relax looking at this.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thanks Armando! More is coming :)
@armandozahariade1171
Жыл бұрын
@@MickeLang Great, you are an amazing pilot, and you fly some dream planes (d42, d62), I'm looking forward to it, at the moment I'm doing some online flight courses and on a simulator. I have been sailing for many years but at the same time I want to learn how to fly. And last but not least, thank you for the answer.👍🤗
Thank You Micke! I enjoy your videos! Nice place to work! From Agentina 👍, great and thanks for sharing !
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Wow from Argentina! Thanks for watching Roberto!
I often fly across Canada in my RV10. As soon as you get to Central Ontario from the west, the French starts. The controllers will talk to you in English, then talk to the French pilots in French then relay back to you in English. The controllers are amazing that can do this but it sure makes it tough for situational awareness.
@bubbashubbs298
Жыл бұрын
I don't think they're supposed to be speaking French... can they?
@LAGoodz
Жыл бұрын
Shouldn’t there just be one international language in global airspace? Virtually every other major country outside France and Canada use standard ICAO English. Is it laziness or they’re unable to communicate due to language proficiency? It must be unnerving for International pilots who lose ATC awareness listening to a foreign language around them.
@MGA19a
Жыл бұрын
@@LAGoodz Arrogance rather than laziness ... imho
@Sqwr
Жыл бұрын
@@LAGoodz 100 years ago, French was the standard that English is today. France is one of the founding nation of aviation and some things never changed. Also, French people are generally really bad at English. I know what I'm talking about I'm one of them. There's a lack of enunciation with English that makes it hard for us to grasp on the radio and even tho my english is pretty good, I hate to speak to ATC because I only ever understand half of what they're saying. Speaking too fast and too flat, we can't get what they say.
@yutoobe123
Жыл бұрын
@@LAGoodz Yes, there should be one international language, you mean French, right?
Enjoyed the video.
It´s an incredible plane. I love simulating it in mfs2020. Beautiful views! greetings from Tenerife
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thanks for watching Óscar!
@oscarmarco6880
Жыл бұрын
@@MickeLang always a pleasure Micke ✈️. Thanks!
Gorgeous plane. Nice music too good for flying
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thanks 👍
Very cool!
@MickeLang
3 ай бұрын
Tack😁
So awesome
You just got a new subscriber. Loved this video.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Woho! Thanks for watching Dennis!
Cool video Micke!! And a cold one 😂
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thanks mate!
Having trained on the Katana, the DA62 is a dream for me. Keep the cool content coming. And maybe we see you in Switzerland one of these days.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Learned on the Katana too ;) Maybe we'll be there soon :) Thanks for watching John!
Impressive Videos, great!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thanks Gottfried! :)
The Garmin all-glass cockpit seems to make things much simpler. Especially pre-/post-flight checks.😊❤
Great videos!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thank you José!
Great Job Micke..Greetings from magog/Québec. Tomorrow i go back to Germany for the skydive season.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thanks! Have fun jumping out of working aircraft😜
@mikeair100
Жыл бұрын
I don't jump, I fly.. never jump out of a working plane
Thanks for the great video. Yes, the Quebecers are aloud to speak French, it is a rather sensitive subject. I worked for a Quebec airline for 22 years, never really understood French well. BTW I am retired now and have applied to Diamond ( London factory) to ferry Diamond Aircraft. So I hope to meet you soon. ( that is why I watch your videos) I am talking to Eddy Hollestelle in YXU. Thank you Hans Juergensen
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Hi Hans, great to hear. I fully believe that it is allowed and I do not have something against it but as soon somebody does talk english I would love to hear their calls in english too, especially from traffic around the airport plus in the uncontrolled airspace. The position reports on the en-route frequency are mostly given in french and I never have an idea where the others are :/ All the best!
@embededfabrication4482
Жыл бұрын
allowed!? it's quebec, if you don't speak french they'll destroy all the gauges with English on your plane and make you walk
It's amazing. DA62 is my favorite aircraft!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
It is ;)
@lroror218
Жыл бұрын
@@MickeLang Btw, What is the longest distance traveled with this aircraft in one flight?
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
@@lroror218 for me or in general?
@lroror218
Жыл бұрын
@@MickeLang for you!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
@@lroror218 flight time 6h and longest distance I’ve flown must be 730 NM BIRK-BGSF
Planning on retiring at 45, buying a plane and traveling the world, seems like so much fun
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Do it!
Great!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
thanks!
I earned my Pilots License while living in Puerto Rico back in the mid 90s. With the exception of San Juan it was the wild west of Aviation. Everyone spoke spanish so you never who was doing what unless you specifically asked.
Micke, excellent trip with stunning views! I share your opinion on the language of ATC 😊
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thanks ;)
Thank you for the nice video. I have a question though, when doing an Vne approach, looks absolutely fun btw, would that not have a shock cooling effect on the engines? I know old radials are known for that but i don't know about modern engines or how that DA62 is cooled.
Rooooger!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
ROOOOGER!😂
wow what beautiful flat infinite lands
The official language of Quebec is French (Quebecois). Canadian Law mandates that NAV Canada must provide services in both english and french in the entire Montreal FIR. I agree on your points of the safety aspect of it, however, I will say, I have seen videos of controllers and pilots in areas of Europe speaking in their native language.
Hi Micke very nice video well when you fly over Canada normally the language is english but Canada ave 10 province, in the province of Québec ,QC / New brunswick, NB,this two province the first language is french when you fly above province of Québec you can have your information in french. It's like you fly over Mexico you can speak Spanish, The same if you go to France and be careful when you go in a place where is snow and very cold,there is always always ICE on the concrete be careful ................
@andrelabine6816
Жыл бұрын
I agree, I learned to fly in English in Ontario. I completely agree with French air traffic control. I did my multi and IFR at CYHU. No problem with French ATC. As a European Micke you should understand multilingualism. My flying career has taken me to Latin America, most communication is in Spanish or Portuguese in Brazil. I have flown in Russia...guess what ATC is in Russian. No where has there been a safety issue. Maybe get more international flying outside of Europe fly in South America and you will understand.
@longhairwhocares
Жыл бұрын
@@andrelabine6816 sorry pal the guy in the video is right. it's petty to insist on one's multilingualism in dangerous situations like flying. it doesn't need to be english -- make it esperanto, i don't care -- but let's reduce the cognitive load of being a pilot and everyone stick to one thing.
Thumbs up 👍 it’s only cold if the cab heater isn’t working.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thanks Clarence, hope you’re good!
I remember -32° C in Östergötland (region in south/mid Sweden) as a kid in late 70's or early 80's ;-)
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Då måste ju havet varit frysen också ellerhur?
I flew this route many times in a twin otter.
Love your videos. Love the DA62. What is a VNE approach? I fly it the DA62 all the time in MSFS 2020 (unfortunately, I don’t think I’ll ever get to fly a real one, although I have flown a DA42) 😁 Also, glad I’m not the only one confused by non-English ATC Comms!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Hi Michael, I call it the Vne approach because you can do almost Vne (never exceeding speed) until 1 1/2 mile final and still land with your normal speed. The Diamonds can be slowed down so good with the gear and the idling propellers, it's like an airbrake. That helps when flying to bigger airports and you don't want to disturb the approach flow from the bigger jets. Thanks for watching!
👍
Hy Micke, ... maybe a stupid question about "cockpit life". You sit in the cockpit with a jacket during the flight. How well can you heat the cabin? Or is it not because of the cold at all, but for other practical reasons why you keep the jacket on. I compare it to a long car ride - I wouldn't like to drive in a jacket. And thanks so much for the nice pics ...🙂
Bro is shocked at -31... I've pissed outside at -49. That's when things get fun ;)
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
hahahahahahaha
Damn, Lang has the toughest job in the world: all weather, all terrains and all time zones. I want his job also🤣
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Thank you but to be fair, I always show the nice part of it. It can be quite exhausting too.
just a random question how did you pick up the 3500ft altitude when you started your decent ? was it a random choice or for safety reason cuz of low temp? cuz on the charts min alt for IKMEL is 1900 so just wondering :)
A nice one and VNE is a pretty fast one haha 180kts indicated on final xD
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Yes it is and it only works in a Diamond Twin😉
@BruceCarbonLakeriver
Жыл бұрын
@@MickeLang Awesome, I love Diamond Aircrafts :) Happy landings to you Micke! o/
Hey Micke, how many hours of flight time do you log per year on average?
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
~400h
I totally agree that everybody should speak the same language because otherwise you lose situational awareness.
How many hours of flight time did you take on this trip?
Any concerns about fuel viscosity or freezing in the DA-62’s tanks at those temperatures, esp. while it’s sitting on the ground? I’m assuming in flight, there’s a heat exchange system, like on the DA-50.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Actually not and as you said, the system keeps it in acceptable temperatures. But keeping it outside in -31 degrees for a longer time or over night would give me some concerns but not about the fuel. I would be more worried about the oil.
If you google there's a website that gives you northern light predictions. When and where.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
👍🏼
@Nickle314
Жыл бұрын
@@MickeLang It's a pain when YT doesn't accept posting links. It should know which sites aren't dodgy. Talking of interesting things, check out "Halos and Glories". You should be able to spot those. Broken Spectres are very common halos. However there are lots of other types. I've seen quite a few. Then you have elves, sprites, jets, trolls, pixies, chosts, gnones, imps all types of transient luminous events. You might get to spot some of those too.
I fly in Quebec often - French isn't a problem at all. If you contact ATC in French, they will continue with you in French. If you contact ATC in English they will continue with you in English. Any and all conflicts will be relayed to you in the language that you are most comfortable in. I've never encountered any safety issues from this, even at small 'country' airports. Yes English is the 'universal' language of aviation, the common denominator language - but there is no regulation that English has to be spoken in order to be a pilot.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
I do agree at some point but when you start talking to ATC in french without knowing if any other guy in the frequency speaks english, then I do not think it's the safest way for all.
@GlenAndFriendsCooking
Жыл бұрын
@@MickeLang I get where you are coming from - but Since you were on an ATC frequency, ATC would have given you a heads up if there was a conflict. Also if you were really concerned - you just had to ask for them to translate what was happening.
The Atlantic ferry flights are no longer a challenge as it used to be. If you island hop, as you are doing, many airplanes can do it with just standard fuel tanks. It is the Pacific that is still a challenge. Pilots used to deliver small planes , like 172 and Mooney M20s to Australia. That was when Av gas is still available. Some of their legs were 14 hours+ long. and they had no GPS. The GPS was the big difference that made even a worse than average pilot like me able to tackle the Pacific. If Amelia Earhart had it, she would not need her navigator and she would know exactly where Howland Island is to within 10 ft.without guessing. The island hopping route can be challenging in the winter if you do not have known ice protection.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
How many crossings do you have Tony?
Aaaaaand also shouts out to Diamond in formerly beautiful Wr. Neustadt!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
;)
Roger Roger!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
ROOOGER
Cold enough to make you depressed 😊unless you like it.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
It was a fun experience ;)
Isnt the da62 pressurized? Or is that on the newer models?
-31° C = -23.8° F. I had hoped to see the de-icing system in action.
Great video! What was the name of that type of approach?
@cb1p111
Жыл бұрын
Vne approach... Maximum speed the aircraft should not exceed.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Hi Chiebuka, that's not an official thing, it's just something which you can do with the Diamonds. And the answer above gave you the explanation of the name ;) Thanks for watching!
I am sure, you get the same problem in Europe with the languages, in France, they speak french, in Italy, they speak Italian and so forth. Quebec is the french speaking province in Canada.
@bensunnyhome1037
Жыл бұрын
Your are right. In France you have to talk french if you are able to do so :-( But not in Germany or Austria...you are only allowed to speak english on the radio (only exception: below 10.000 ft and VFR only, you can use german as well). So EVERYONE is talking english on the radio and that really helps at lot...
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Hi Francis, I do agree with you. I’m not blaming the French or the Canadians here, I mean that in general, safety wise it should be english for all.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
@Ben , I hear a lot of german there too☝🏼
What did you do as approach? Is it called VNE approach?
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
I call it like that. Just wanted to show that you can do it with the DA62 too. Showed it with the DA42 in the last crossing series ;)
i wonder why he asked what runway you wanted? winds 350@14 and the only runway is 16/34 ? are there obstacles on the 34 departure?
@sigmet61
Жыл бұрын
It is advisory service only. Although 34 is preferred runway. the pilot has to say intended runway.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
There you got a good answer already😉
I wonder if one has to purchase snow tires for an airplane?
Hey Micke. I heard another pilot explain the language misunderstanding. He said if the controller knows the pilot is native "French", they will speak French to them, and English to anyone else. This is because pilots from another country may not be as good at English as their native language and having a total understanding of the air traffic, directions, etc. is more important.
@bobninemire5154
Жыл бұрын
Also might add that if the French traffic is in ANY conflict to the English pilot the controller is in charge of keeping the traffic separated by talking to both pilots
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
But talking to both pilots in two languages takes more time than just giving them information in english
@bobninemire5154
Жыл бұрын
That is true. Canada seems to be rogue on this
A lot of places around the world will use both local language and English. I agree it’s not the best for situational awareness but it’s not unique to Quebec.
Sooooo how do you get this job?
Welcome to my Neck of the woods !
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Haha thanks
I agree with the RT language. It should be English all over.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
👍🏼
Im in love with the DA62 Now i need get the 2 million to have it ☺
@MickeLang
3 ай бұрын
Haha me too lol
i was under the impression that all ATC was to be spoken in English, is that not an international requirement? sorry if i sound naive
@sigmet61
Жыл бұрын
In many countries, ATC speaks English and the local language.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Nothing to excuse for! But yes, in most countries you will hear the native language too. Also in Austria.
Am I the only one that is bothered by the fact that the controllers nearly all abbreviated UDB but he keeps reading back with ODB or do I have some kind of misunderstanding here? 😅
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
No you are correct haha But in Europe we always use the first and the last 2 letters and over there they use the last 3 so I am so used to “ODB” that I always reply with that😂
@RoBert-ix6ev
Жыл бұрын
@@MickeLang That's the ICAO standard way,anyway 👍
I fly in Canada and I understand the safety concern when others speak French. Pretty frustrating.
11:23 FAAAACTS
lol getting fuel at -31 must feel like it takes ages
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
went pretty smooth actually ;)
Hello Micke! Would you be willing to have my friend fly along with you? He’s about to get his commercial pilot license this summer! He needs to continue to build hours! He would be willing to help with costs!? 🙏☺️
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Hi Angie, this is not possible. The crossing is not a commercial passenger or training flight where you just can come along and log the hours for personal advantage.
-31. Gives ya a headache so fast it's shocking.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
And freezing hands while refuelling lol
Its because they think they are special. Been flying there for 30 years and it never changes
Minus 31°C! Da tut selbst das Atmen weh!
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
stimmt
That airplane had no landing lights at take off
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
They were on, look at the engine cowling during the take off roll☝🏼
What is more dangerous are the chinese students in St-Hubert/Montreal speaking broken (nuked) english. I agree that your comment isn't completly wrong though.
Perfectly understandable concern over the French being spoken on the airwaves and totally unnecessary in a primarily English speaking country. Maintaining a mental picture of what’s happening in the airspace around you is so very important. Compromising a pilot’s situational awareness by effectively keeping them out of the loop can’t possibly be a safe practice. It should absolutely not be allowed.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
It does not have to be not allowed, just when one guy is speaking english then it should be for all.
Turn a knob do a left turn... The modern art of flying! 😉
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
I actually just turned the heading knob to my final track. Otherwise it would always be somewhere
What ever happened to jaunty17.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
who?
Agree with you on English. It's a shame that this limitation exists at many fields in Germany and France for example first of all and then also where there are both languages allowed non native pilots lose situational awareness like you pointed out.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
As I wrote in an earlier comment, i don't blame the french here. I see it at our airfield too when non german speaking pilots arrive and planes in the traffic pattern still talk german. People get quite confused and the best thing is when you hear radio calls where the pilots mix up german and english in one phrase. Than the chaos starts lol
What the bear doing?
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
hanging
Let's try that the other way. If one person speaks French, everyone should speak French. Now you see that not everyone speaks fluent English. Thank you for the video.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
The thing is only that english is the aviation language and not french☝🏼
@cw9533
Жыл бұрын
@@MickeLang It is, but when they're close to home, they are allowed to speak native. I know what you mean though it takes away that situational awareness.
11:23 i am a student pilot in turkey and there they rarely speak English on the comms even there bare pilots with more than 30 to 40 fourth years of experience and the don’t speak a word of English
@fluke196c
Жыл бұрын
not kosher
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Yes it's always easier to speak in the native language but safety wise it should be english, especially when flying IFR or around airports when other guys only speak english. Just my opinion.
good video good aircraft good back ground slow romantic dance music with your significiant romantic other haider haider a khan solo pianist huntsville alabama usa april 2023
French speaking countries and Russia is only ones using their own language for aviation. Russia is so strange and isolated so that you understand, but why french...
They are speaking french becase the feel entitled to ignore the rules like Qubec does
They speak French because they can and want.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Not a very good argument but if you say so
-23°F is pure torture
@francisparoz1302
Жыл бұрын
Nope, there is no bad weather, only bad clothing. Simply, if it’s colder you need more layers.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Like an onion 😉
Can do without the poor polar bear skin on the wall…😞
Well actually... Jk
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
?
Pilots with their strobe light ON while taxiing. 🙄
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Pilot’s who are following the checklist☝🏼
@Rafmeistr
Жыл бұрын
The diamond doesnt have a traditional beacon. Strobes act as the beacon light. Might be poor design, but its what you gotta do in the diamond
Not good when you hear runway code 666
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
why?
@lukebelvin4900
Жыл бұрын
@@MickeLang joking, mark of the beast of course haha
Ah the great language debate, unfortunately everywhere that French is spoken you will hear it used inappropriately in an aviation context. And yes it has caused accidents.
I am sorry but we do have the right to be served in French in Quebec! That isn’t our problem if you don’t speak French. The two official languages are French and English. Most professional pilots in Quebec does speak English. So you are safe. If the YGL RDO had any traffic for you, they would’ve told you.
I’am quite surprised to hear comments about French communication in 2023. I was in atc for 35 years. We had that fight in 1976, mostly from Air Canada pilots. It was well proven that it is not an issue. When you fly in Mexico, you can hear Spanish and English, in France, French and English and so on. Canada is one of the most safest country to fly. Please Mike, you should not bring those comment anymore.
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
It’s not against the french here please don’t get me wrong. I just think in general that it is better when everybody understands everybody. Also here in Austria I think it’s an issue when there are english only speaking guys on the frequency and then there comes a important thing in german.
@zevnafte5168
Жыл бұрын
Canadian commercial pilot here, I fully agree with Micke. Hearing French over frequencies like 126.7 in a country where everyone speaks English is poor. It significantly reduces situational awareness and especially flying through uncontrolled areas a lot of issues could be avoided without this
@Jetrider91
Жыл бұрын
Maybe the issue resolves when we substitute ANY language used besides English. This counts for french, German, Spanish, what so ever. Flying language should be English anywhere
@micheljansen85
7 ай бұрын
Tbh, i do think its silly. In France you’re not allowed too take off (vfr) from an uncontrolled strip/runway if you dont speak French. So yeah, just keep it in English imho, every (EU) pilot must speak it anyway because of the easa guidelines. If we can prevent mixups and confusion we always should. Speaking English doesnt hurt ones pride.
@johnkyp18
6 ай бұрын
Well, also not wanting to make this about the French but as someone living in Luxembourg with French being one of the official languages along with German I see this frequently - namely French people switching to their own language - even though it is clear not everyone in the group speaks it. This is not about the language but about the mentality that’s it’s ok to exclude someone. Mind you I am married to a French woman and in this case it’s about the safety of the people flying. I agree with Micke on this one. Besides it’s also in poor taste when you can speak English in aviation to not accommodate. Just my thoughts on this.
nice,,,,, enjoying that global warming i see lol
@MickeLang
Жыл бұрын
Some day it will be 31 plus there lol
English is the universal language of aviation except of course, in Quebec where safety and common sense take a back seat to nationalistic pride.
@barrybidell1249
Жыл бұрын
If you fly in Europe, those counties will speak English and their own language. This isn't a unique situation to Canada.
@jamesstephenpeyton3305
Жыл бұрын
@@barrybidell1249
@jamesstephenpeyton3305
Жыл бұрын
These days, ICAO requires all pilots who want to fly planes big enough to roll through controlled airspace to speak a minimum standard of English and understand Aviation English. Before pilots get their license, they must undergo formal language proficiency assessments. The result is noted and attached as an endorsement on their professional licenses.