Viewers asked about Mark's 1930 Model A Ford after seeing it in the background of the K-Max video. So ... here it is! A short video about this beautiful car.
Жүктеу.....
Пікірлер: 94
@allareasindex7984 Жыл бұрын
Just this summer I bought a Model A and I’m having a ball. It is perfectly suited to non-highway driving. I drive to the hardware store, supermarket and taco shop. If you’re uncomfortable with people waving and smiling get something else. ½ the price of a Camry, reliable, amazingly rugged. If you are handy, even a little, you can do all the maintenance yourself.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
That is just what I use mine for.
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
I bought my '30 Coupe as a college car in 1969. I sold everything I owned from that era except for that Model A. I still love it and drive it- not bad for a car that sold brand-new for $495.
@moriver3857 Жыл бұрын
Very nice automobile. I was one of the ones that commented about "that 30 something car in the back". Thanks for showing it, and driving it! 90 plus years of simplicity at its finest
@ChaserTiponi Жыл бұрын
Honestly that old car would never meet my needs in today's world. But compared to horse and Buggy it was a HUGE step up for the people in that era. Not to mention FORD made it affordable for the common man. On an entertainment level, I have never had the privilege of driving one. But I would jump at the chance given an opportunity. The Model A play's a huge role in the industrial Revolution and I have great admiration and respect for this line of cars....
@williambutler8624 Жыл бұрын
Older video, you have a beautiful MODEL A, I've owned 3 MODEL A's, they will run forever as long you take care and do regular maintenance, not many cars will last 90 years, great video, THANKS for sharing your beautiful Car!
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Thank you.
@SquawkCode Жыл бұрын
Excellent video and explanations Mark! This brings back great memories. My dad had 2 Model A's. The one we had during my childhood was a 1930 Tudor, very similar to yours with only 2 doors. Thanks for sharing!
@planeflyer21 Жыл бұрын
That was a fun side-trek! My F-I-L just got a Model A that needs restoration from his brother. My way older sister's friend in high school drove a Model A, which her Dad had restored for her as a first car. Quite the brilliant choice for a 16-year old girl IMO. Not so fast, plenty roomy, and (extra bonus) none of her friends knew how to drive it.
@richardkimrey Жыл бұрын
She looks great.
@NotTelling51 Жыл бұрын
Brings back memories of my grandpa... he had 3 of them 2 of which had rumble seats and a strap on trunk. Beautiful cars.
@earlelkins9086 Жыл бұрын
A beautiful car Mark.. a reminder of days past. My Grandfather bought new, a 1951 Chevrolet pickup, 3 on the tree, starter pedal on the floor. I loved that truck. It smelled of gear oil and leather.. to me, it was life itself.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Sounds great!
@kiwifrog8878 Жыл бұрын
I’m buying this soon as a first car. I’ve always loved these great ol American goodies!!
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Good choice!
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
I've owned my sweet, little '30 Model A Coupe for 55 years now. You won't regret the purchase.
@Steve-ui1ej Жыл бұрын
Very nice. Love the oldies.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Glad you like them!
@rrad3926 Жыл бұрын
Thanks for sharing!
@greggb1416 Жыл бұрын
Excellent, excellent, excellent…! Simple, neat, clean….., beautiful masterpiece, of an automobile… Thank you very much for that little tip back in time…
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Our pleasure!
@johannviljoen64 Жыл бұрын
That is a nice car, like the size of the model A, very practical. I've been following the "model A University" on you-tube for a long time now, Paul Shinn, he knows the model A like you know planes.
@helios1912 Жыл бұрын
Mark--good one. I did drive a '29 Roadster--it was the Straw Yellow with the tan top. Always top down.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
They are great old cars
@chrisc161 Жыл бұрын
Beautiful car. Love it.
@fungdart Жыл бұрын
Awesome. I bet it could fly around the back roads.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Definitely!
@tomedgar4375 Жыл бұрын
Beautiful! Reliability in simplicity. It will be running long after we are drinking beer from the recycled Camrys
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
We agree!
@bobrichardson5905 Жыл бұрын
The model A whine :) I have one, it's a dbl clutcher for sure!
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Yes, it is.
@dickdaley9059 Жыл бұрын
It appears this fordoor is a deluxe model quipped with finished wood garnish along the window rails. There may be more finishes like pulldown rear window shades and rear seat armrests. A very nice !
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Thanks.
@Qrail Жыл бұрын
Thank you! Always great content on your channel. If you don’t have get-there-itis, this car is perfect.
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
In a Model A it's always about the journey, not the destination.
@TomasAWalker53 Жыл бұрын
That was great fun. It’s great that you can actually make use of it to commute. You mentioned no sycnchro but you didn’t appear to be double clutching. I drove 18 wheelers and highway buses for 30 some years and even today, most aren’t synchronized. So double clutching. Also, no seatbelts or turn signals? Do the cops leave you alone⁉️😜🍀👍🏻
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
It doesn't really need the double clutching on the way up the gears, but it does on the way down.
@Jack-ne8vm Жыл бұрын
I drove one to high-school! You have a nicer one!
@elljon1 Жыл бұрын
Nice Video!
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Thanks!
@edbenelli5374 Жыл бұрын
Best part- it sounds like a Pietenpol flying overhead!
@ackack612 Жыл бұрын
COOL!
@Nord3202 Жыл бұрын
You should mention the Zenith updraft carburetor & its heritage to the aircraft carburetors Zenith made.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Good point.
@davidduganne5939 Жыл бұрын
Thanks for that-- a lovely horseless carriage indeed! I think your Aeronca Chief is simpler to operate! 🤣
@loddude5706 Жыл бұрын
Gorgeous machine. Get a tad more 'lively day' taildragger time in & you'll be double clutching like Astaire within days! : )
@johnd8892 Жыл бұрын
Was looking for the early hinged windscreen designs for cooling the people in the car. So thanks for the demonstration at 4:40. Would be interested to find newer cars that had this feature besides how the split window VW bus having it. Possibly an option. Interested if anyone can tell me more.
@spiro5327 Жыл бұрын
Great classic. Wonder what it would be like with a pair of wings fitted ?
@timothysanders431 Жыл бұрын
I actually want 1 , unrestored surviver. But that is a beauty 😍 👌❤!
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
I bought my unrestored survivor Model A in 1969. I've invested very little money in it and just enjoyed the thrill of driving around in a historic cutie with a rumble seat. I still have it and love it more than ever. Best of luck to you in finding yours.
@johnlucas2037 Жыл бұрын
Nice Model A but I do love the Austin! The Model A does have much better brakes than the Austin!
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
I totally agree!
@leolatch8011 Жыл бұрын
Very cool Mark . Does current gas cause any grief with the engine or fuel system? Probably does okay as far as fuel economy I bet . Looks like you enjoy your new Ford !
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
It seems to be fine with regular gas and a bit of lead additive.
@traviswilson4700
Жыл бұрын
When the Model A was introduced, there was no unleaded fuel. Leaded fuel wasn't around until much later.
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
My Model A doesn't really like ethanol, but runs OK with it. It loves non-ethanol gas with a cup of kerosene added to the tank.
@Dick_Shinn Жыл бұрын
You may already know of Paul Shinn, in CA. He would be a great resource, should you have any issues with the Model A! (No relation, BTW)
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
He's the guy that showed me how to start it on you tube.
@Dick_Shinn
Жыл бұрын
@@skywagonuniversity5023 👍
@DWBurns Жыл бұрын
Nice truck. Needs a lift. A car like that you need a Ford 8N tractor, 2 cold blood work horses and 20-30 chickens in your yard. With you being in California, I expected you to open the hood and show us an electric propulsion system. A was surprised by the Ford Flat 4.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
I have the old tractor and the chickens and a pregnant cow. This is not the Liberal part of california.
@DWBurns
Жыл бұрын
@@skywagonuniversity5023 You sound like my kind of airplane salesman. I think I can fly my 100LL burning Arrow in CA, both of my trucks and my Camaro have over 1000HP and can’t play on California gas or Diesel and I may be arrested at the border for entering with such clean burning engines, no joke and no emissions, it can be done. We don’t have cows, I am the only one who is okay with chickens at my house, they are evil daemon birds so my family claims. We have horses and Blue Diesel tractors decorating our place. Even with a herd of horses I still have to mow places. That was a fun video. Good luck during calving season I know that’s when the Cowboys around here to get really busy, they don’t make the old guys like me to go out but the younger guys don’t sleep in February, all I have to do is be accurate on my 5 day forecast
@DWBurns
Жыл бұрын
@@skywagonuniversity5023 You sound like my kind of airplane salesman. I think I can fly my 100LL burning Arrow in CA, both of my trucks and my Camaro have over 1000HP and can’t play on California gas or Diesel and I may be arrested at the border for entering with such clean burning engines, no joke and no emissions, it can be done. We don’t have cows, I am the only one who is okay with chickens at my house, they are evil daemon birds so my family claims. We have horses and Blue Diesel tractors decorating our place. Even with a herd of horses I still have to mow places. That was a fun video. Good luck during calving season I know that’s when the Cowboys around here to get really busy, they don’t make the old guys like me to go out but the younger guys don’t sleep in February, all I have to do is be accurate on my 5 day forecast
@johncharlton2602 Жыл бұрын
When changing down way more simple to double de clutch or double clutch in USA speak .
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
I do double de clutch from third to second. Going up the gears doesn't really need it. The gear oil is very thick and slows the gears in neutral.
@robertlough4090
Жыл бұрын
My first car was a Model T, the Model A was a great advance with a gear box! The T the floor pedals were the low gears and reverse, and outside the cabin there was a big lever for high gear. You used the wands for advance and throttle, and sometimes it felt you needed three hands. Great off road vehicle, top speed of the T around 35 mph. Brakes if I recall used the gears in some fashion.
@karenkress8775 Жыл бұрын
You forgot the gas shut off 😄
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Very true. I never turn it off though. Should it be turned off when not in use?
@matrox8 ай бұрын
What year did they move the gas pedal to the floor?
@skywagonuniversity5023
8 ай бұрын
I think model A's always have a floor gas pedal. They also have a hand throttle on the steering wheel though.
@matrox
8 ай бұрын
@@skywagonuniversity5023 So it was just the model Ts with just the steering lever throttles?
@cochinero5476 ай бұрын
You didn't open the petrol tap, or didn't show it.
@skywagonuniversity5023
6 ай бұрын
Secretly already did it.
@garyfurr146710 ай бұрын
Why didn't you go for a longer drive
@skywagonuniversity5023
10 ай бұрын
There was not a lot more to see.
@davidc9488 Жыл бұрын
Does it have a heater??
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
No heater. Maybe it was an option though.
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
The model A heater was the world's simplest device. A cast metal "tunnel" is placed on the exhaust manifold with air entering the front, warmed over the manifold, then entering the passenger compartment . No fan, no problem.
@billbright17559 күн бұрын
Some had left hand parking brake lever.
@skywagonuniversity5023
9 күн бұрын
Interesting.
@FlyingNDriving Жыл бұрын
That's not your usual airport car! We normally match
@kdl10665 ай бұрын
Cable brakes?
@skywagonuniversity5023
5 ай бұрын
Yes, cable. They are good though.
@kdl1066
5 ай бұрын
You mean rods not cable?
@woodwelder Жыл бұрын
I thought you were more a Hillman minx or Vauxhall viva chap …🤔😂
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Vauxhall Chevette with a lifted rear end..........:-)
@dlytton Жыл бұрын
You're English, right?
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Yes. British.
@johnbruffett2649 Жыл бұрын
Abe Lincoln John Robert Bruffett Junior USA 🇺🇸🇺🇸🇺🇸🏁🏁🏁🏁🏁🏁☕☕☕☕☕🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🎄🎄🎄🎄🎄
@JohnDoe-we9yk Жыл бұрын
Good old days, life was simple so were things. 👍🙂
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
You got that right!
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
There was integrity built into these old cars so they can still run after 90 years.
@deanjernstrom3760 Жыл бұрын
OUTSTANDING SIR ! Absolutely nothing like them. Nice to another A thats not hot rodded.We run a 28 Tudor back east,and wouldn't trade it for anything.Hope to see more Thanks.D.J.
Пікірлер: 94
Just this summer I bought a Model A and I’m having a ball. It is perfectly suited to non-highway driving. I drive to the hardware store, supermarket and taco shop. If you’re uncomfortable with people waving and smiling get something else. ½ the price of a Camry, reliable, amazingly rugged. If you are handy, even a little, you can do all the maintenance yourself.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
That is just what I use mine for.
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
I bought my '30 Coupe as a college car in 1969. I sold everything I owned from that era except for that Model A. I still love it and drive it- not bad for a car that sold brand-new for $495.
Very nice automobile. I was one of the ones that commented about "that 30 something car in the back". Thanks for showing it, and driving it! 90 plus years of simplicity at its finest
Honestly that old car would never meet my needs in today's world. But compared to horse and Buggy it was a HUGE step up for the people in that era. Not to mention FORD made it affordable for the common man. On an entertainment level, I have never had the privilege of driving one. But I would jump at the chance given an opportunity. The Model A play's a huge role in the industrial Revolution and I have great admiration and respect for this line of cars....
Older video, you have a beautiful MODEL A, I've owned 3 MODEL A's, they will run forever as long you take care and do regular maintenance, not many cars will last 90 years, great video, THANKS for sharing your beautiful Car!
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Thank you.
Excellent video and explanations Mark! This brings back great memories. My dad had 2 Model A's. The one we had during my childhood was a 1930 Tudor, very similar to yours with only 2 doors. Thanks for sharing!
That was a fun side-trek! My F-I-L just got a Model A that needs restoration from his brother. My way older sister's friend in high school drove a Model A, which her Dad had restored for her as a first car. Quite the brilliant choice for a 16-year old girl IMO. Not so fast, plenty roomy, and (extra bonus) none of her friends knew how to drive it.
She looks great.
Brings back memories of my grandpa... he had 3 of them 2 of which had rumble seats and a strap on trunk. Beautiful cars.
A beautiful car Mark.. a reminder of days past. My Grandfather bought new, a 1951 Chevrolet pickup, 3 on the tree, starter pedal on the floor. I loved that truck. It smelled of gear oil and leather.. to me, it was life itself.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Sounds great!
I’m buying this soon as a first car. I’ve always loved these great ol American goodies!!
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Good choice!
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
I've owned my sweet, little '30 Model A Coupe for 55 years now. You won't regret the purchase.
Very nice. Love the oldies.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Glad you like them!
Thanks for sharing!
Excellent, excellent, excellent…! Simple, neat, clean….., beautiful masterpiece, of an automobile… Thank you very much for that little tip back in time…
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Our pleasure!
That is a nice car, like the size of the model A, very practical. I've been following the "model A University" on you-tube for a long time now, Paul Shinn, he knows the model A like you know planes.
Mark--good one. I did drive a '29 Roadster--it was the Straw Yellow with the tan top. Always top down.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
They are great old cars
Beautiful car. Love it.
Awesome. I bet it could fly around the back roads.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Definitely!
Beautiful! Reliability in simplicity. It will be running long after we are drinking beer from the recycled Camrys
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
We agree!
The model A whine :) I have one, it's a dbl clutcher for sure!
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Yes, it is.
It appears this fordoor is a deluxe model quipped with finished wood garnish along the window rails. There may be more finishes like pulldown rear window shades and rear seat armrests. A very nice !
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Thanks.
Thank you! Always great content on your channel. If you don’t have get-there-itis, this car is perfect.
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
In a Model A it's always about the journey, not the destination.
That was great fun. It’s great that you can actually make use of it to commute. You mentioned no sycnchro but you didn’t appear to be double clutching. I drove 18 wheelers and highway buses for 30 some years and even today, most aren’t synchronized. So double clutching. Also, no seatbelts or turn signals? Do the cops leave you alone⁉️😜🍀👍🏻
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
It doesn't really need the double clutching on the way up the gears, but it does on the way down.
I drove one to high-school! You have a nicer one!
Nice Video!
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Thanks!
Best part- it sounds like a Pietenpol flying overhead!
COOL!
You should mention the Zenith updraft carburetor & its heritage to the aircraft carburetors Zenith made.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Good point.
Thanks for that-- a lovely horseless carriage indeed! I think your Aeronca Chief is simpler to operate! 🤣
Gorgeous machine. Get a tad more 'lively day' taildragger time in & you'll be double clutching like Astaire within days! : )
Was looking for the early hinged windscreen designs for cooling the people in the car. So thanks for the demonstration at 4:40. Would be interested to find newer cars that had this feature besides how the split window VW bus having it. Possibly an option. Interested if anyone can tell me more.
Great classic. Wonder what it would be like with a pair of wings fitted ?
I actually want 1 , unrestored surviver. But that is a beauty 😍 👌❤!
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
I bought my unrestored survivor Model A in 1969. I've invested very little money in it and just enjoyed the thrill of driving around in a historic cutie with a rumble seat. I still have it and love it more than ever. Best of luck to you in finding yours.
Nice Model A but I do love the Austin! The Model A does have much better brakes than the Austin!
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
I totally agree!
Very cool Mark . Does current gas cause any grief with the engine or fuel system? Probably does okay as far as fuel economy I bet . Looks like you enjoy your new Ford !
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
It seems to be fine with regular gas and a bit of lead additive.
@traviswilson4700
Жыл бұрын
When the Model A was introduced, there was no unleaded fuel. Leaded fuel wasn't around until much later.
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
My Model A doesn't really like ethanol, but runs OK with it. It loves non-ethanol gas with a cup of kerosene added to the tank.
You may already know of Paul Shinn, in CA. He would be a great resource, should you have any issues with the Model A! (No relation, BTW)
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
He's the guy that showed me how to start it on you tube.
@Dick_Shinn
Жыл бұрын
@@skywagonuniversity5023 👍
Nice truck. Needs a lift. A car like that you need a Ford 8N tractor, 2 cold blood work horses and 20-30 chickens in your yard. With you being in California, I expected you to open the hood and show us an electric propulsion system. A was surprised by the Ford Flat 4.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
I have the old tractor and the chickens and a pregnant cow. This is not the Liberal part of california.
@DWBurns
Жыл бұрын
@@skywagonuniversity5023 You sound like my kind of airplane salesman. I think I can fly my 100LL burning Arrow in CA, both of my trucks and my Camaro have over 1000HP and can’t play on California gas or Diesel and I may be arrested at the border for entering with such clean burning engines, no joke and no emissions, it can be done. We don’t have cows, I am the only one who is okay with chickens at my house, they are evil daemon birds so my family claims. We have horses and Blue Diesel tractors decorating our place. Even with a herd of horses I still have to mow places. That was a fun video. Good luck during calving season I know that’s when the Cowboys around here to get really busy, they don’t make the old guys like me to go out but the younger guys don’t sleep in February, all I have to do is be accurate on my 5 day forecast
@DWBurns
Жыл бұрын
@@skywagonuniversity5023 You sound like my kind of airplane salesman. I think I can fly my 100LL burning Arrow in CA, both of my trucks and my Camaro have over 1000HP and can’t play on California gas or Diesel and I may be arrested at the border for entering with such clean burning engines, no joke and no emissions, it can be done. We don’t have cows, I am the only one who is okay with chickens at my house, they are evil daemon birds so my family claims. We have horses and Blue Diesel tractors decorating our place. Even with a herd of horses I still have to mow places. That was a fun video. Good luck during calving season I know that’s when the Cowboys around here to get really busy, they don’t make the old guys like me to go out but the younger guys don’t sleep in February, all I have to do is be accurate on my 5 day forecast
When changing down way more simple to double de clutch or double clutch in USA speak .
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
I do double de clutch from third to second. Going up the gears doesn't really need it. The gear oil is very thick and slows the gears in neutral.
@robertlough4090
Жыл бұрын
My first car was a Model T, the Model A was a great advance with a gear box! The T the floor pedals were the low gears and reverse, and outside the cabin there was a big lever for high gear. You used the wands for advance and throttle, and sometimes it felt you needed three hands. Great off road vehicle, top speed of the T around 35 mph. Brakes if I recall used the gears in some fashion.
You forgot the gas shut off 😄
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Very true. I never turn it off though. Should it be turned off when not in use?
What year did they move the gas pedal to the floor?
@skywagonuniversity5023
8 ай бұрын
I think model A's always have a floor gas pedal. They also have a hand throttle on the steering wheel though.
@matrox
8 ай бұрын
@@skywagonuniversity5023 So it was just the model Ts with just the steering lever throttles?
You didn't open the petrol tap, or didn't show it.
@skywagonuniversity5023
6 ай бұрын
Secretly already did it.
Why didn't you go for a longer drive
@skywagonuniversity5023
10 ай бұрын
There was not a lot more to see.
Does it have a heater??
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
No heater. Maybe it was an option though.
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
The model A heater was the world's simplest device. A cast metal "tunnel" is placed on the exhaust manifold with air entering the front, warmed over the manifold, then entering the passenger compartment . No fan, no problem.
Some had left hand parking brake lever.
@skywagonuniversity5023
9 күн бұрын
Interesting.
That's not your usual airport car! We normally match
Cable brakes?
@skywagonuniversity5023
5 ай бұрын
Yes, cable. They are good though.
@kdl1066
5 ай бұрын
You mean rods not cable?
I thought you were more a Hillman minx or Vauxhall viva chap …🤔😂
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Vauxhall Chevette with a lifted rear end..........:-)
You're English, right?
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
Yes. British.
Abe Lincoln John Robert Bruffett Junior USA 🇺🇸🇺🇸🇺🇸🏁🏁🏁🏁🏁🏁☕☕☕☕☕🍒🍒🍒🍒🍒🎄🎄🎄🎄🎄
Good old days, life was simple so were things. 👍🙂
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
You got that right!
@pouglwaw5932
6 ай бұрын
There was integrity built into these old cars so they can still run after 90 years.
OUTSTANDING SIR ! Absolutely nothing like them. Nice to another A thats not hot rodded.We run a 28 Tudor back east,and wouldn't trade it for anything.Hope to see more Thanks.D.J.
@skywagonuniversity5023
Жыл бұрын
I wanted a stock one too. Not hot rodded.